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40 Cards in this Set
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Galileo Galilei
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Who- He was an Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician.
What- He played a major role in the science revolution during the Renaissance. He was called the “father of observational astronomy, father of modern physics, and the father of science” Where- He was from Italy. When- He lived from 1564 to 1642. Why- He did early experiments in motion and gravity. He made a hand-crafted telescope and observed peaks and crates on the moon, countless stars never seen before, the four moons of Jupiter, and sunspots and phases of venus. He was seen as a heretic and was investigated during the inquisition. Wrote books that didn’t cross the line until World’s Two Chief System. Trial in 1633 (book was a violation of what the court believed). Sentence- forced to recant and put under house arrest. |
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René Descartes
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Who- He was a french mathematician, philosopher, and scientist.
What- He was dubbed “the father of modern philosophy”. He was one of the keys figures in the science revolution along with Galileo during the Renaissance. Where- France When- 1596-1650 Why- He was the philosopher who thought up deductive reasoning. “I think therefore I am.” |
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Philosophes
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Who- They were people like Voltaire, Jacques Rousseau, and others.
What- They were intellectuals that applied reason to studies of many different fields such as philosophy, history, science, politics, and so on. They attacked ignorance and supported toleration, education, and knowledge. Where- Throughout europe. When- 18th century Enlightenment Why- They believed that the spread of knowledge would encourage reform in every aspect of life. |
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Voltaire |
Who- He was a french enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his attacks on the Catholic Church. What- He advocated for freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state. He produced writings in almost every literary form. Where- France When- 1694-1778 |
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Jean- Jacques Rousseau |
Who- He was a french philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century What- His political philosophy influenced the enlightenment in france and europe. His ideas influenced the french revolution and the overall development of modern political and educational thought. Where- France When- 1712- 1778. 18th century Why- was a radical who strongly criticized the king and became even more of an extremist after the storming of Bastille |
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Tennis Court Oath |
Who- The third estate who later called themselves the General Assembly. What- The Oath signified for the first time that French citizens formally stood in opposition to Louis XV. Louis was not bothered by the creation of the assembly. Where- They made a makeshift conference room inside a tennis court, located in the Saint-Louis district of the city of Versailles. When- 20 June, 1789 Why- The oath was a pledge signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General. It is here that they wrote a new constitution and pledge to not stop the meetings until it was written. |
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Sansculottes |
Who- the common people of the lower classes in France What- many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution in response to their poor quality of life under the ancien regimen. Where- France When- Late 18th century Why- The most fundamental political ideals of the sans-culottes were social equality, economic equality, and popular democracy. They supported the abolition of all the authority and privileges of the monarchy, nobility, and Roman Catholic clergy, the establishment of fixed wages, the implementation of price controls to ensure affordable food and other essentials, and vigilance against counter-revolutionaries. |
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Reign of Terror |
Who- The French people. Girondins and the The Mountain What- The Terror was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution. 16,594 executed by guillotine. Where- France When- 1793-174 Why- marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution". |
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Jean-Paul Marat |
Who- Jean-Paul Marat was a radical journalist and politician during the French Revolution. What- Writer of the paper L'Ami du peuple (Friend of the People) where he voiced his views. Where- France When- 1743-93 Why- He advocated for the basic human rights of the poorest members in society. He was later killed in a bath and seen as a revolutionary martyr to the Jacobins. |
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Maximilien Robespierre |
Who: french lawyer and politician What: one of the most influential figures of the French revolution When: mid 1700 Where: France Why: he was the one who argued with the King, and said the king and queen should be executed for their crimes against France and her people. |
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Nationalism |
Who: the French What: a strong belief that the interests of a particular nation-state are of primary importance. When: end of the 18th century Where: France Why: it brought the nation together during the revolution |
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Congress of Vienna |
Who- Conference of ambassadors of European states What- The Congress of Vienna was the death blow to the Holy Roman Empire. Where- Vienna in the Austrian Empire When- 1814-15 Why- The aim was to provide a long-term peace after the the french revolution and napoleonic war. They resized the main powers as to give balance and remain at peace. |
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Classical conservatism |
Who- Absolutism What- it was the idea of returning back to the old ways meaning having a king and a monarchy. Where- France When- 1830-1848 Why- They believed that it was best to have a monarchy rule. They were loyal to the royal family. |
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Classical Liberalism |
What- This was the idea of having new ways. They wanted universal suffrage for men and for leaders to not interfere in the economy. They also wanted freedom of press. Where- France When- 1830-1848 Why- People didn’t want to go back to the old ways of having a ruler controlling everything. They started a revolution to get rid of the monarchy, so they didn’t want to return to that time after they finally got away. |
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Otto Von Bismarck |
Who-He was a conservative prussian statesman What- He dominated German and European affairs. Where- Germany When- 1800s Why- His biggest fear was France growing stronger and getting their revenge, so he formed the Triple alliance in 1882 which consisted of Germany, A/H, and Italy. |
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Karl Marx |
Who: German philosopher What: Published The Communist MAnifesto When: 1800s Where: Born in Prussia, spent most of his time in London Why: one of the founders of Communism |
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New Imperialism
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Who- European powers, the United States of America and the Empire of Japan What- was a period of colonial expansion When- during the late 19th and early 20th centuries Why- states focused on building their empires with new technological advances and developments, making their territory bigger through conquest, and exploiting their resources |
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King Leopold II |
Who: Second king of the Belgians. What: Remembered for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State When: 1830s-1900s Where: Belgium Why: Founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State |
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Schlieffen Plan |
Who- Alfred Von Schlieffen What- It was a plan to concentrate forces first on France and then attack Russia. Where- Germany When- 1905 Why- It was during WW1 and Germany was surrounded by France and Russia, so they had to make a plan on how it go on attacking the enemies. |
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V.I. Lenin |
Who: Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist What:Leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and first head of the Soviet state. When: 1890-1920S Where: Russia |
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Treaty of Versailles |
Who- The French What- The Treaty of Versailles was what marked the end of WW1. It was full of agreements on how the war would be paid for and how land would be distributed. Where- It was signed at Versailles, France. When- 28 June 1919 Why- It called for vindictive peace, Germany to pay for war reparations, article 231: War Guilt Clause, demilitarized Germany’s army, and took some of their territory away. |
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Benito Mussolini |
Who- Italian politician and a journalistWhat- He was the leader of the National Fascist Party in Italy. He was the founder of fascism Where- Italy When- Lived from 1883-1945 but was the prime minister of Italy from 1922 until his ousting in 1943. Why- made himself the dictator of Italy. Eventually over extended forces during WWII and was killed by his own people |
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Munich Conference of 1938 |
Who: Germans What: Permitted Nazi Germany’s annexation of portions of Czech along the country’s borders. It considered the failed act of appeasement toward Germany Where- Germany When- September 1938 Why- “Peace in our time” |
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Yalta Conference
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Who- Joseph Stalin(Soviet union), Winston Churchill(United Kingdom), Franklin D. Roosevelt(United States) What- At the Yalta conference they called for strict peace and to allow Poland to vote in an election for either adopting a democracy or communism. Where- in the Livadia Palace near Yalta in Crimea. When- 1945 Why- They needed to decided on how to govern eastern and central Europe. |
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Truman Doctrine |
Who- Created by Harry S. Truman What- It was an American foreign policy that was made to stop Soviet imperialism during the Cold War. Money was given to Greece and Turkey to help support their western governments, so they wouldn’t fall to communism. Where- The policy was announced to congress by president Truman When- March 12, 1947 Why- He pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey. More generally, it was written to show support to all nations threatened by Soviet communism. |
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Enabling Act |
Who- Germans What- was a 1933 Weimar Constitution amendment. Granted Chancellor Hitler the power to enact laws without the involvement of Reichstag. Where- It passed in both the Reichstag and Reichsrat on 24 March 1933, and was signed by President Paul von Hindenburg later that day When- March 1933 Why- Hitler suspended rights and brought censorship. |
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Joseph Stalin |
Who- He was the leader of the Soviet Union What: Leader of the Soviet Union When: 1870s-1950s Where: Soviet Union Why: The Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower |
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Francisco Franco |
Who: Spanish general and dictator What: Rose to power during the Spanish Civil War When: 1890s-1975 Where: Spain Why: With the help of the Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, his Nationalist forces overthrew the democratically elected Second Republic |
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Winston Churchill |
Who- Winston Churchill was the Prime Minister of England from 1940-45 and again from 1951-55. What- He refused to surrender to Nazi Germany during the Second World War and help inspire British resilience. He also keyed the term “the iron wall” in response to the Cold War. Where- England When- He was the Prime minister during WW2 |
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Battle of Stalingrad |
Who- Germany and its allies vs. Soviet Union What- was a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad. It is often regarded as the single largest and bloodiest battle in the history of warfare Where- Stalingrad in Soviet Union When- 1942-43 Why- German forces never regained the initiative in the East and withdrew a vast military force from the West to replace their losses. |
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Containment Policy |
Who- George F. Kennan What- the policy used numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. Where- in the US When- 1947 Why- this was a response to the way in which communism seemed to be spreading. |
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The Marshall Plan |
Who- George C. Marshall What- the United States gave $13 billion in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. Where- It was made in the United States and implemented in Europe. When- The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1947. Why- The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous again, and prevent the spread of communism |
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NATO |
Who- NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization What- It’s an intergovernmental military alliance. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. When- April 1949 Why- it was in response to the Warsaw Pact. Basically it is/was an alliance of Western European countries, Canada and the US to counter the influence of the Soviet Union |
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The Berlin Airlift |
Who- This mission was executed by United States Air Force, the British Air force, and more. What- The Berlin airlift was a mission organized by western allies to carry supplies to the citizens of west Germany. They flew over 200,000 flights in one year. The soviets did not interrupt this mission in fear that it would lead to conflict. Where- To west Germany When- 1948-1949 Why- The citizens of west Germany needed the supplies to survive. |
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Charles De Gaulle |
Who- He was a French general, resistance, writer, and statesman. What- He was a leader of Free France and the head of the provisional government of the French Republic. Where- He was born in France When- 1890-1970 Why- he was the dominant political leader and grand figurehead of France during and after World War II. |
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Hungarian Uprising of 1956 |
Who- Hungarians revolted against the Soviets who at the time had power over Hungary. What- Nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies Where- Hungary When- 1956 Why- It was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR's forces drove out Nazi Germany from its territory at the end of World War II and broke into Central and Eastern Europe |
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Decolonization |
What- The withdrawal from its colonies of a colonial power; the acquisition of political or economic independence by such colonies. Where- German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, etc. When- Some of the most active periods of decolonization happened after WW1, WW2m and after the Cold War. |
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Black September |
Who- was a Palestinian terrorist organization. What- It was responsible for the fatal kidnapping and murder of eleven Israeli athletes and officials at the 1972 Munich olympic games held in Germany. When- Formed in 1970 Why- when King Hussein of Jordan declared military rule in response to a fedayeen coup d’état to seize his kingdom — resulting in the deaths or expulsion of thousands of Palestinians from Jordan. They had a long-term grudge against Israelis after having me pushed out of Israel. |
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European Union |
Who- founders include France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Netherlands and Germany What- The European Union is an economic union between 28 states. Where- Primarily in Europe When- 1993 Why- It was created as a trading system that now has led to the euro being the primary currency in Europe. |
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Perestroika and Glasnost |
Who-Mikhail Gorbachev What- Perestroika was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Where- Soviet Union When- During the 1980s Why- Perestroika means “restructuring” which is what leader , Mikhail Gorbachev, did with the Soviet Union. |
