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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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The Social Contract; "of the people for the people, by the people."; General Will
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What made the Social Contract?
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The Penny Press
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The difference between Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau (with revolting)?
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Hobbes = never revolt
Locke = sometimes revolt Rousseau = MUST revolt |
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What is the Aristocratic Baroque?
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(opposite of Neo-Classicism) entertainment of the ELITES; not particularly moral; tabloids and the penny press
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Neo-Classicism?
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Art
Very serious themes: family order sacrifice Impact of the French Revolution |
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Early Romanticism?
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Art
Regular people with emotions! (very different from the boring lady pouring milk) SHOWED STRESS! |
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Throw out some numbers on population growth in Europe and England from 1700 to 1800
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Europe in 1700: 100-120 million
Europe in 1800: 190 million England 1700: 6 million England 1800: 10 million |
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Study of population (vocab)
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demography
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Who was the first demographer?
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Thomas Malthus
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The Malthusian Scissors
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Thomas Malthus; population is going to strip out resources!; his theories become very important in 19th century; very dreary view!; didn't foresee birth control and revolution of agriculture
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Seven Years War (5)
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1.Continental (Prussia, Great Britain, France)
2. giant risk game! 3. EXPAND! 4. Global war (even India comes in!) 5. French and Indian War (who runs Canada) against England! British win! |
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From what years did the French Revolution last?
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1789-1799 "A decade of revolutions"
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How was the French Revolution a "political watershed"?
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Everything came together into something completely new
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What is an egalitarian?
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everyone is equal
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Raft of Revolutions
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???
constitutions: a written rule of law; evolve quickly |
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Who was the main reason the French Revolution happened in 1789 in France?
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Louie XIV--> Archetype of Absolutism
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Who wrote "What is the Third Estate?"
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Abbe Sieyes (The TPaine of the French Revolution)
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a way to get cash for the government (Vocab)
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Tax Farming
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The consultive body that would talk to the king (that disappeared with Absolutism) (Vocab)
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Estates General
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Why was the THIRD ESTATE unhappy during the French Revolution?
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The third estate makes everything, sells everything, and gets NOTHING.
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Storming of the Bastille (3)
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1. Symbol that Paris was on side of the Estates General
2. king has to agree and accept 3. symbolic of the rest of the French Revolution |
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What happened on Bastille Day?
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The King agreed!; futile contracts are enforced; peasantry is grumpy...
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What did the peasant revolts of 1789 do?
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They abolished feudalism in France!!!
contracts are gone! peasants buy land for aristocracy! careers open to TALENT! |
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Declaration of Rights and Man and Citizen (1789) (8)
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1. similar to our Bill of Rights
2. Enlightenment political philosophy 3. You are a citizen! Not a subject! 4. becomes basic Constitution 5. King still maintains some power 6. you have to be properly qualified and 25 years old to VOTE 7. absolutism is gone = REVOLUTIONARY! 8. tries to stop fiscal problems |
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Constitution of the Clergy? What? When?
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July 12, 1790
Brings down Constitution Recognizes religious toleration Took the churches land! (that's a lot!) Clergy now works for government **voted that clergy has to take oath to state (Huge mistake!!!) |
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Before the Revolution (vocab)
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ancien regime
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Priests swore to state (vocab)
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Juring Priests
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Nobles who start anti-revolutionary programs abroad (vocab)
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Emigres
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Radicals vs. conservatives during French Revolution (2 vocabs)
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Jacobins = radical
Giorondians = conservatives (war brings them together! yay!) |
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How does the war end in France?
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1. raises the level of fear in Paris
2. raises food prices |
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Louis XVI of France (from wiki just because I don't know...)
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Louis XVI of France (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then as King of the French from 1791 to 1792. Suspended and arrested during the Insurrection of 10 August 1792, he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of treason, and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. He was the only king of France to be executed.
**END OF MONARCHY** |
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September Massacres of 1792
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*DECLARE FIRST FRENCH REPUBLIC*
storming of prisons, beat people to death, creates new voting laws, new property laws and now most men can vote creates *strain* WITHOUT and WITHIN France! :( |
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The National Convention 1793
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do not speak your mind if you disagree with the Jacobins!
led by Robespierre and Danton |
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The Terror (1793-1794)
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The Reign of Terror also known as The Terror was a period of violence that occurred for one year and one month after the onset of the French Revolution.
It was incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution." Radical movement! The minority who wanted to go back to the Constitution were sent to the guillotine for doubting the Revolution |
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French Revolutionary Calender
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each week has 10 days
names of the month are natural moments ("Floreal" = April = flowery month) Started with the year 1 (in 1793 because nothing happened prior) |
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What was a reason another French Constitution was created? (Think Robespierre...)
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Robespierre tries to purge those who want to go back to the Constitution but the tables turn and he and the Jacobins are purged and he is executed on the 10th of Thermidor
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The "Directory" (1796) (Thermidor Reaction)
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Another new Constitution
1. Win the war [*] 2. Preserve the basic changes of the Revolution [*] 3. Create political stability in a polarized climate [ ] (DISASTER!) but someone saves the day... rhymes with Gapoleon... |
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Napoleon Bonaparte (10)
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1. child of the revolution/rough childhood
2. uncanny political sense 3. revolutionary wars give him a chance to shine! 4. He crosses the Alps and "kicks ass and takes names" 5. becomes general at 27! 6. creates republics as he goes... 7. BECOMES MILITARY DICTATOR OF FRANCE FOR LIFE 8. Crowns himself emperor in 1804 9. Invites the Pope to coronation but still crowns himself.. haha 10. As emperor he was very hardworking, took away WIGS, very invested in education and infrastructure |
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Code Napoleon
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His most lasting achievement!
Clearcut, uniform, equal for all property and business friendly! gave women fewer rights (womp womp) which was a step backwards, especially after the Revolution |
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Napoleon's accomplishments
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1. Polytechnique Academy (engineering)
2. Improved roads 3. Creates LYCEE System (High school) 4. Fought on the battlefield 5. Takes over almost all of Europe! |
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What did the Confederation of the Rhine do? (1806-1813)
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1. Replaced Holy Roman Empire
2. Recreates Poland 3. Tore European identities to pieces |
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War on the Spanish Peninsula
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1808-1814
Napoloon was not a fan of religion so he invades Spain and kidnaps the Pope for five years! Turns into a nasty Civil War. |
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Battle of Leipzig (Oct 1813)
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Napoleon surrenders!
largest battle in Europe up to WWI |
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Battle of Waterloo (June 1815)
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Britain and Prussia wins!
Napoleon is defeated! |
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Romanticism <3
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While the Enlightenment stressed uniformity, Romanticism believed everyone was different.
Nature and the search for the sublime! Neogothic style hoses of Parliament in London; love of the supernatural Religion on the grow! |
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Who is the father of Modern Conservatism?
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Edmund Burke, "change can happen, but it has to happen s l o w l y."
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Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
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Creates peace between Austria-Hungry, Russia, Prussia and England. (The four "big dogs")
3 main goals: 1. Peace (B+) 2. Contain France (A-) 3. Prevent Revolution (D-) |
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Klemens Von Metternich
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architect of the Congress
knew how to bring people together |
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The Holy Alliance
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Russia, Austria, France, Prussia
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liberal government
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liberalism
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representative government
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constitutionalism (even though they thought only people with land could vote)
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Where does the Industrial Revolution first take place? Reasons?
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England!
primary resources close together (coal, iron, agriculture) small country (markets for goods) great transportation (water) group of elites wanting to make $ |
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people forced off a farm (vocab)
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enclosure
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The Enlightenment started with the production of these two textiles:
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wool and cotton (*loom)
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Women's work (vocab)
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Distaff
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Some specific examples of the Industrial Rev?
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Spinning Jenny, Spinning Mule, Steam Engines, Railroad locomotives
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What were round houses?
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a way for trains to make a 180 and also a place for storing unused locomotives.
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What was the Crystal Palace?
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Held a great celebration called the "Great Exhibition" in England in 1950
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Plague of Cholera
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when sewage/drinking systems are too close
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Adam Smith + Malthuse =
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David Riccardo!
supply and demand regarding wages IRON LAW OF WAGES wages will rise if population is low, but then people will have more food, and then have more children so population will be high and wages will go down. |
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Who is seen as starting English Socialism?
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Robert Owen with his New Factory at New Lanark
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What are all early socialists labeled by Historians as?
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"Utopians", Greek meaning, "no place"
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Karl Marx
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economics = history = series of class combat ???
"Communist Manifesto" "Workers of the world UNITE! You've got nothing to lose but your chains!" Predicted revolutions then they happened.. woah |
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Revolutions of 1848: what and where?
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France
People want liberty! Political problems because bourgeois are stuck in the middle class and the Artisans are grumpy because they don't have any work. *top hats Liberals and artisans work TOGETHER! |
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Reform Bill of 1832
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opens suffrage to middle class
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paid members of Parliament (vocab)
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Chartism
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Corn Laws
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heavy tariffs on wheat
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Ateliers Nationales
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National workshop to thank artisans but also to stop them from going any further
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What battle showed people that the French Rev needed to stop?
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June Days
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Louis Napoleon Bonoparte (Nap's nephew)
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Man of order!
No more revolutions! No more blood! Voted PRESIDENT in 1848 and then later declares himself EMPEROR of france |
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Frankfurt Assembly
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German Nationalism
tries to CREATE Germany Johann Gottliebe Fichte?? Revolution FAILS in Germany |
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Giuseppe Mazzini
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optimstic guy
organizes young italy as a secret organization wanted to appeal to young people Romanticism |
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Count Benso Camillo di Cavour
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Sees in nationalism a way to get people on his side; Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardina; wants to be called King's name?; in 1859 he gets France to back him up in fight against Austria and then spreads regime VERY NICE
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Giuseppi Garabaldi
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gets Southern France and gives it to Victor Emmanuel II to create MODERN ITALY
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Who creates Germany? (I think?)
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Otto von Bismark
*chancellor of Germany from 1871-1890; gives much power to Prussia; kept Germany at peace |
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Many languages (vocab)
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polyglot
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What were the two competing Parliamentary parties?
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Whigs and Tories
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Pope Pius IX
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allowed Constitution for Papal States;
eventually abandons Rome and declares himself prisoner of Vatican |
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Pope Leo XIII
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does not recognize Italy and condemns factories by exploiting workers
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Pope Pius X
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brings church to modern party by saying only Catholics can vote.
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What battle takes place in "The Young Indiana Jones"?
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Battle of Verdun
(fighting to protect Serbia) |
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Real Politik
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pragmatic & policy
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What are some reasons (and justifications) for Imperialism? (7)
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- economic expansion
- strategic politics - domestic politics - religious expansion - civilizing mission - Racial theories of Superiority (84% of world was taken over by European control.) - technological advances (advances of new weapons and tactics) |
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Welt Politik
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world policy
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Triple Alliance
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Italy
Germany Austria-Hungry |
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Triple Entante
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Russia
France Britain |
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Balcons
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Bulgaria and Serbia
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The Schlieffan Plan
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Goes through Belgium...
Avoids main places... Knocks out France... Takes railroads... Invades Russia... all in six weeks! Britain in war! FAIL !!!!!!! Germans burn down Belgium France tries to resist Germany (Taxi cabs! haha!) |
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What was the shot heard around the world?
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Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
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War of attrition
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Make the other side use up all bodies and bullets
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At what front does most of WWI take place on?
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Western (Belgium, France, etc)
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The only way to stay alive in WWI was to....
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dig down!
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Eastern front (WWI)
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Austria-Hungry, Russia
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Southern Front
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Italy, Austria
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WWI was the first war that both sides were....
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Industrialized!
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Why was it considered a WORLD war?
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African fighters
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What was No Man's Land?
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Verdun 1916
550,000 casualties in France |
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What animals were the Germans and French depicted as in advertising during WWI?
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Germans = guerillas
French = spiders |
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Imperialism
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Imperialism is when a country increases their power and wealth by bringing additional territories under their control.
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WWI was a war of...
While WWII was a war of... |
... attrition (soldiers dead)
... mobility (soldiers and civilians dead) |
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De jure vs de facto
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theory vs reality
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What were some inventions of the Second Industrial Revolution?
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ELECTRICITY
automobile, telegraph, telephone, typewriter, movie cameras, bicycle, tram, xrays, periodic table |
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Germ Theory
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Louis Pasteur
avoid infection doctor's wash before surgery leads to antibiotics |
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Charles Darwin
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"The Origin of Species" 1859
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Periodic Table
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Dimitri Mendeleev
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Treaty at Versailles 1919
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One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on June 28. 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
League of Nations! |
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Who was not invited to Versailles and why?
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Russia (outcasts!) and Germany (because they started war and were not worthy)
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Who signed the Peace Treaty?
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big four
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diktat
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dictated treaty
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Article 231 "The War Guilt Clause"
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Germany caused the war.
If Germany accepts responsibility they should take care and pay for orphans and injury. |
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Who created Modern Turkey?
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Kemal Attaturk (Atta boy!)
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Father of the Revolution??
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Lenin??
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Who takes over for Lenin and who was he competing against?
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Stalin and he competed against Trotsky
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Collectivization (1929)
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The idea of taking all private farms (not really private, though) in Ruddia and "collect" them into useful farms with tractors so everyone can work together. Thus, creating a Worker's Paradise.
....peasants and farmers HATED this. |
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Kulak (vocab)
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anyone who got in Stalin's way (1/2 were deported to Serbia)
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"Industry is the key to the next war" -
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Stalin
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What propaganda did Stalin bring?
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Electrification!
New dams! Metro system! Young Lennists |
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Obsessed with taking over the world (vocab)
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Megalomaniac
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Cult of the Personality
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Stalin does no wrong.
Stalin was "shocked" people were arrested for no reason... yeah, okay... |
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Despite his douche-bag-ness, who was the most successful dictator?
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Stalin! (Got Russia through 2nd WW)
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"DADDAI"
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logically illogical artistic movement
name for the art after WWI because Europe is physiologically damaged |
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Beer Hall Putsch
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Hitler tries to over throw German government, but fails and goes to jail.
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Dawes Plan
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series of short term loans from USA to help Germany *put German economy back on its feet*
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Who invented Fascism?
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Mussolini!
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Squadre
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Italiaaaaa
it was all fun and games in the beginning but soon it became a defined political party (fascist violence) and get a more defined life (automobiles) with help from Mussolini **how Mussolini gets into power because he says he's the only one who would and could control them |
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Miscegination
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mixing of blood and culture
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Autobahn System
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Hitler's highway
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"The Mass Grave"
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Soldiers about Stalingrad
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The Nuremburg Race Laws, 1935
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*Laws for the protection of German blood and honor*
deprived Jews and Germans of citizenship...Jews could not hold office...etc |
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Kristallnacht
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beginning of Holocaust in 1938
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where was the first concentration camp?
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Buchenwald
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Spanish Civil War
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Socialists put a lot of pressure on the Catholic Church
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What was the last step before the beginning of WWII?
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Hitler invaded Poland
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Battle at Dunkirk
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338,000 men are saved by English/Allies because of the English Channel but all equipment is left behind
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First battle fought in the air??
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Battle of Britain
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Blitz
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huge bombing on London that only strengthened English resolve
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Operation Barbarossa
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attack on the Russians
largest land attack.... ever!!! Russians forced to retreat |
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Why does Hitler declare war on US?
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Pearl Harbor
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What was the first battle between aircraft carriers?
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Battle of Midway in the Pacific
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Who organizes Red Army?
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Trotsky
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Who founded the Soviet Secret Police?
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Dzerzhinishi
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xenophobia
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fear of foreigners
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