History Exam 1 Vocab

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Horticulture

Back 1

Native Americans in the 15&16th century ate by planning crops such as: corn, squash and beans (also known as the Three Sisters); "Growing plates"; developed over the span of generations

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Hybridization

Back 2

A process of combining different things to create a new subject. Example: By 1500 B.C. Native Americans created hybrids of corn: purple, blue, pink, striped, or spotted.

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Maize

Back 3

Spanish for “corn”; Indian corn. Example: Introduction of corn to Europeans that arrived in North America.

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Mercantile Capitalism

Back 4

16th century; Policy or tariff; The idea that trading nations were completing for world's resources (raw materials like metals or minerals). Encouraged allies of the Nations that they export raw material instead of manufacturing and processing them. This ensured that more gold flowed through the nation than out.

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Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

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1527 Narvaez expedition. 1 of the 4 survivors; was in slavery for 6 years and escaped. Refashioned into medicine men, escaped and went up the Rio Grande when finally coming into contact with Spanish slave hunters.

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Esteban/Estevanico

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1 of 4 survivors that traveled with De Vaca across the Northern New Spain

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Encomendero

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Governor of Indian villages; leaders of the Crusades. Example: Cortes

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Ecomienda

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The governed. People (Indians) who lived in the settlements that provided the encomendero with labor in exchange for legal protection and spiritual guidance. (Exploited Indian laborers)

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Limpieza de sangre

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“Pure blood” Catholic Spaniards, cleanliness of blood Jewish, Muslim, and Indians on the opposite side of the spectrum

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Pope

Back 10

Spiritual leader of the New Mexico revolt known as the Pueblo Revolt (1680). After the succession of the revolt, destroyed all remnants of Spain: (tools, sheep, horses, fruit trees, etc.). Ten years later (1690) he was disposed of.

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Reconquest of 1692

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Both the Indians and the Spaniards decided to coincide with each other and reached a middle ground. Work loads were on a voluntary basis and only worked on projects that were in the interests of the community.

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Repartimiento

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Volunteers; male Indians; were assigned projects to help community

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King Phillips War

Back 13

(Colonial New England) Educated chief of Wampanoags known as Metacom, nicknamed King Phillip- conflict between the Native Americans and the English colonists; Hung and killed 3 Wampanoags and 1 informant of the British. Ended up getting hanged which resulting in the start of the war. Uprising spread and surrounding people joined in to attack the British. In 1676, colonists called upon their Indian allies of support. After 1 year, Indian resistance collapsed and pushed other Indian tribes westward.

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Bacon’s Rebellion 1676

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Nathaniel Bacon was a Virginia settler who led his people against William Berkeley. Since the instability of economic and uneven political mobility fueled by Berkeley's negligence of Indian attacks, Virginia shifted policies to supporting arm expansion.

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Delaware

Back 15

Middle ground created between Scandinavians and the Susquehannock Indians. Created middle grounds, influenced relationships and uniquely shaped culture; each party taught each other something: Indian men taught Scan. hunting calls/decoys while the Scan. men traded tools with Indian men. Scan. Women integrated new agriculture such as squash, corn, potatoes, pigs, chickens, and also, new tools!; weak central power- power divided among them equally.

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Metis

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mixed races; Indian mother, French father. Also known as intermediaries or brokers between marriages or divorces. Found primarily in French settlements-several families in one house hold; Catholic.

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Chattel Slavery

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Claiming a person as “property”

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African Slave Trade

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Began in the 15th century- Portuguese merchants imported Africans from Upper Guinea Coast to work on Sugar plantations - slavery linked continents together- 1492-1820;7.7 million Africans were transported to America

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“Factories”

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English term for the trading post originally established by Europeans- served as a market, warehouse, defense and support to the navigation or exploring.

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Middle Passage

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Stage of the Triangular trade. Route going through Atlantic Ocean- apart of the triangular trade which millions of people were transferred from Africa to the New World.

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Olaudah Equiano

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"Multitude of people chained from all different types of Africa" Slaves were forced to eat and exercise" - Slave who survived middle passage and bought his freedom during his mid twenties - if the slaves were incurable they would be thrown off the ship- 1 slave in 5 died before reaching land. Slaves, merchants and laborers were all at risk of disease. 5% of the slaves were destined for North America.

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British American Slavery

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1. Chesapeake- tobacco based plantations; the largest and worst plantation for a slave to be transferred to
2. Georgia/South Carolina- Rice based plantations
3. New England/Middle Colonies- Non-plantation slavery

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French Louisiana slavery

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- Frontier Exchange Economy- constant movement of goods(food) –
- Indians: exchanged corns, beans and meat
- Bambara slaves: exchanged rice from their own farms
- Europeans: poultry, fruit and tools

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1662

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Enslaved children inherited the status of their mothers

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1691

Back 25

Law outlawed interracial marriage

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1723

Back 26

free blacks lost the right to vote

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Stono Rebellion

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September 9th, 1739- South Carolina slaves resisted, killed about 2 dozen white men and 200 slaves- result of the rebellion= fear of resistance-> brutal treating of slaves

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African Retentions

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18th century the majority of slaves were Africans; the change of African culture in North America. "Did slaves maintain culture or create a new one?" African retentions in the US were negligible because the African was totally stripped of his culture by the process of enslavement.

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Igbo (from the Bight of Biafra)

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Short stature, less desirable because of looks-maintained title system- Igbo slaves “title” gave status of wealth

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Levi Jordan Planation(Brazoria, Texas)

Back 30

African practices and pre-emancipation from Congo. Items found: ritual kit, white chalk, animals paws, thermometer, coins, and iron kettles

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Kongo Cosmogram

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symbolizes Congo spirituality, evidence of African healing practicing and maintenance

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Los Indios Barbaros

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Semi nomadic Indians that were scattered

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Equestrians

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Nomads whose 18th-19th century territory comprised of the Great Plains

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Treaty of Paris, 1763

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France gave Canada and east of Mississippi to British and France gave Spain to Louisiana

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Republicanism

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Ideology of governing a society or state as a republic; Idea that was meant to replace aristocrat behavior by living a ‘way of life' with uncompromising commitment to liberty and equality; virtue, prudence, and economy’*. Meant to counter the Monarchy system and Parliament.

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Sexual Morality

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End of the 18th century people had causal sex, court enforced sex laws, 53% of criminal prosecution from pre-marital sex

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Nonimportation associations(women’s participation)

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Wouldn’t import British goods

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Lord Dunmore

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Freedom of slaves (proclamation) offered freedom of slaves who abandoned their patriot masters to join the British

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Thomas Paine

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wrote Common Sense(a 50 page book, sold 150,000 copies, used more common language)- attacked British government and monarchy, pushed democratic system

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Declaration of Independence

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July 4th, 1776; anti- slavery clause, power sense of govern if threatened has right to alter it, Thomas Jefferson wrote the original draft

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Land Ordinance of 1785

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lands will be divided into townships, of 6 miles square by lines running due north and south- occurring on Indian land- ordered in defined way- maintained/owning- very individualized&bounded

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NorthWest Ordinance of 1787

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divided into districts-established governor and government, had veto power and was able to select laws, 60,000+ population could be added to the states- slavery was prohibited- major achievement of confederation government

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Indian Intercourse Act 1790

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Legal distinction of the law in the states VS Indians law- they were under their own law(Indians were), promoting private property.

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Shay’s Rebellion

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expression of farmers decent- faced huge debt- didn’t pay taxes for Massachusetts- states closed courts in response to farmers- army sent out, 100 people got arrested- gov chose to protect that elite property

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3/5 compromise

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recognized blacks as 3/5 of a person when it came to population, allowed south to exercise greater power in national affairs

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Republican Motherhood

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20th century term for an attitude toward women’s roles emerging in the US. Reinforced the idea of a domestic women’s sphere separate from the public world of men, encouraged education of women; were in charge of rearing the children; responsible of spreading virtue to kin.

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Greensboro Female College(NC)

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Nn 1846 it was the first college to open its doors to females, in 1950’s it became coeducational; was open only to elite white women; caused a shift in women's political involvement (still weren't allowed to vote, but became more outspoken)

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New Orleans

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was a part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803- US paid 15 million dollars for this territory from the New France. This territory contained 15 U.S states and 2 Canadian provinces

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Republican Agrarianism

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created by Thomas Jefferson, envisioned a world filled with small farms all supporting each other in a informal, semi-socialist setting. This would be supplemented by Republican legislation- VERY anti-federalist

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Empire of Liberty

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Developed by Thomas Jefferson to identify America’s world responsibility to spread freedom across the globe. Jefferson saw America’s mission as an example, expansion into the west and by intervention

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Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

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the famous expedition from 1804-1806- explore and map the newly acquired territory, by following the Missouri river northwest(see if it was connected to the Columbia river), which followed the Pacific Ocean. Second goal: to study plants, animal life, geography and other natural resources.

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Touissaint Charbonneau

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March 20th, 1767- August 12th, 1843; a French-Canadian explorer and trader and apart of the Lewis and Clark expedition. AKA the husband of Sacagawea

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Sacagawea(Shoshone)

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was a Lemhi Shoshone woman, who accompanied the Lewis and Clark expedition acting as their guide and interpreter as they traveled from North Dakota and to the Pacific Ocean