History Europe Flashcards

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Alepetl

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An ethnic state in ancient Mesoamerica, the common political building block of that region.


Most of the Mesoamerican civilizations were based of this culture.

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Anasazi

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Important culture of what is now the southwest United States (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings called kivas.


They were a native american group that lived in clay buildings in new mexico.

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Ayllu

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Andean lineage group or kin-based community.

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Aztecs

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Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

They sacrificed alot of people to their sun god.

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Calpolli

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A group of up to a hundred families that served as a social building block of an altepetl in ancient Mesoamerica.

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Chiefdom

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Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links.


This was the basic government for native american villages.

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Chimu

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Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465.

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Chinampas

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Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

The teotihaucan people used chinampas for their farming.

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Inca

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Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

They controlled a lot of southern america.

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Khipu

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System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information.

The Inca used these as a way to keep records of taxes and money.

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Maya

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Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.


They were also fans of human sacrifice.

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mit’a

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Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.

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Moche

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Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.

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Tenochtitlan

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Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 125,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins

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Teotihuacan

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A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100 B.C.E.-750 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.

It is 40 miles away from mexico city.

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Tiwanaku

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Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375-1000 C.E.).

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Toltecs

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Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization.

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tribute system

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A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.

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Wari

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Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as a colony of Tiwanaku.

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Ashikaga Shogunate (1336-1573)

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The second of Japan’s military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate.

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Beijing

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China’s northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People’s Republic of China.

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czar

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another name for ruler or a title for an official

The czar is usually the leader of the country or a figure head.

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Genghis Khan (ca. 1167-1227)

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The title of Temüjin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the "oceanic" or "universal" leader. Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire.

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Golden Horde

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Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan’s grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.

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Il-khan

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A "secondary" or "peripheral" khan based in Persia. The Il-khans’ khanate was founded by Hülegü, a grandson of Genghis Khan, and was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq.

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kamikaze

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The "divine wind," which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281.

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Khubilai Khan (1215-1294)

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Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire.

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lama

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In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher.

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Mongols

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A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

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Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201-1274)

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Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.

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Nevskii, Alexander (1220-1263)

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Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde.

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nomadism

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A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.

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Ottoman Empire

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Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

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Rashid al-Din (d. 1318)

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Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid’s advice.

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Yongle

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Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424). He sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China’s borders to trade and travel.

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Yuan Empire (1271-1368)

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Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan.

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Zheng He (1371-1435)

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An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.