History Chapter 1

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Culture

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sociallytransmitted patterns of action and expressions. Material culture refers tophysical objects such as dwellings, clothing, tools, and crafts. Culture alsoincludes arts, beliefs, knowledge and technology

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History

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thestudy of the past events and changes in the development, transmission, andtransformation of cultural practices

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Evolution

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thebiological theory that over time changes occurring in plants and animals mainlyas a result of natural selection and genetic mutation

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Hominid

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thebiological family that includes humans and humanlike primates

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Australopithecines

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the several extinct species of humanlike primates that existed from about 4.5million years ago to 1.4 million years ago.

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Bipedalism

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theability to walk upright on two legs, characteristics of hominids

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The great ice age

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geological era that occurred between ca, 2 million and 11,000 years ago.

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Homo Habilis

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thefirst human species. Evolved in Africa about 2.3 million years ago

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Stone age

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thehistorical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and othernonmetallic substances

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Paleolithic

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the period of the stone age associated with the evolution of humans

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Homo erectus

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anextinct human species. Evolved in Africa about 1.8 million years ago.

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Homo sapiens

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thehuman species. Evolved in Africa between 400,000 and 100,000 years ago.

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Neolithic

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the period of the stone ageassociate with the ancient agricultural revolutions

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Agriculturalrevolutions

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the change from food gathering to food production that occurredbetween 800 and 200 BCE also known as the Neolithic revolution

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Pastoralism

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away of life dependent on moving large herds of small and large stock to newpastures and watering places throughout the year

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Megaliths

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structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial andreligious purposes in Neolithic times

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Babylon

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thelargest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminenceas the capital of the Amorite King Hammurabi in the eighteenth century BCE

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Sumerians

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thepeople who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium BCE

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Cuneiform

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asystem of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables.It originated in Mesopotamia and was used for Sumerian and Akkadian but laterwas adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. Literacy was confinedto a relatively small group of administrators and scribes

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Civilization

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andambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes usedby anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of culturaltraits fined

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City state

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asmall independent state consisting of an urban and the surrounding agriculturalterritory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia Archaic andclassical Greece Phoenicia and early Italy

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Ziggurat

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amassive pyramidal stepped tower made of mud bricks. It is associated withreligious complexes in Mesopotamian cities but the function is unknown.

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Amulet

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a smallcharm meant to protect the bearer from evil. Frequently in archaeologicalexcavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, amulets reflects the religious practicesof the common people.

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Hammurabi

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Amorite ruler of Babylon. He concurred many city states in southern andnorthern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a blackstone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases

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Scribe

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in thegovernments of many ancient societies, a professional position reserved for menwho had undergone the lengthy training required to be able to read and writeusing cuneiform, hieroglyphics or other early cumbersome writing systems

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Bronze

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an alloyof copper with a small amount of tin which is harder and more durable thancopper alone. The term bronze age is applied to the era, the dates of whichvary in different parts of the world when bronze was the primary metal fortools and weapons

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Pharaoh

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the central figure in the ancient Egyptianstate. Believed to be an earthly manifestation of the gods, he used hisabsolute power to maintain the safety and prosperity of Egypt

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Ma’ at

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Egyptianterm for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Thedivine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.

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Pyramid

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a largetriangular stone monument, used in Egypt and Nubia as a burial place for theking. The largest pyramids, erected during the Old Kingdom near Memphis,reflect the Egyptian belief that the proper and spectacular burial of the divineruler would guarantee the continued prosperity of the land.

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Memphis

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–the capitalof Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers wereinterred in the nearby pyramids