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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was france's economic state in 1780's |
-bad harvests -high cost of living -high taxes |
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social and political system of France |
Old Regime |
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Talk about the first estate |
catholic church & clergy -priest, bishops, and monks -1 percent of population -tax free -provided education, and shelter for the poor |
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talk about the second estate |
Nobility -rich upper class, inherited wealth -2% of the population -little to no taxes |
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Talk about the third estate |
Middle class -97% of the population -bankers, merchants, business owners -educated, enlightenment ideas -working class -tradespeople, laborers, peasants -high taxes |
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What were the causes for change |
Enlightenment ideas Economic troubles Weak Leaders |
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What were the enlightenment ideas that helped the revolution |
-French philosophers -Success of American Revolution |
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What were the economic troubles that helped start the revolution? |
-bad winters, high price of food -large national debt, third estate high taxes |
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Who were the weak leaders that helped start the revolution? |
Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette |
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French king, indecisive, put off debt hearings |
Louis XVI |
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French queen, Austrian, extravagant spending |
Marie Antoinette |
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meeting of all 3 estates of France -called for national debt talks, May 1789-3rd estate locked out of negotiations, Versailles |
Estates General |
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new representative government formed by 3rd estate |
National Assembly |
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National Assembly pledges to write a French constitution, June 1789 |
Tennis Court Oath |
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Paris prison is raided by revolutionaries to secure weapons, June 14, 1789 |
Storming of the Bastille |
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describe the revolution "great fear" |
-peasants all over France overthrew nobility, burn legal documents and homes -Women of Paris break into Versailles, monarchs flee |
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document, 1789 -supported liberty, property, security, and opposition to oppression -equal justice and freedoms |
Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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who was captured trying to flee |
King Louis XVI |
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what did the national assembly do |
seized church and noble land sold to help pay off debt, force Church to pay taxes |
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France's first representative government, created by how constitution, constitutional monarchy, 1791 |
Legislative Assembly |
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those who wanted little change, liked monarchy one of two parties that divided the Legislative Assembly |
Emigres |
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those who wanted more change, liked democracy one of two parties that divided the Legislative Assembly |
Sans Culottes |
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What countries feared the spread of the revolution |
Austria, Prussia |
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Who were imprisoned |
the french royal family and those loyal to the crown |
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thousands loyal to the crown executed, 1792 |
September massacres |
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radical revolutionaries -called for death to all who supported the king -created a republic, instituted a military draft |
Jacobines |
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radical of Jacobin leader head of Committee of Public Safety |
Maximillian Robespierre |
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Called for a republic of virtue and executed all enemies of the revolution by guillotine -closed churches & executed thousands |
Maximilian Robespierre |
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Maximilian Robespierre's rule of France, 1793-94 |
Reign of Terror |
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What was the directory of 1795 |
-legislative assembly & 5 man executive branch -calmed revolution to focus on war |
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French General/Emperor 1799-1815, military genius, brilliant administrator |
Napoleon Bonaparte |
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who called on Napoleon to defend Paris from royalist rebels 1795 |
The Directory |
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Who does Napoleon continue to fight? |
the British in Egypt |
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Why does the Directory continue to give Napoleon an army? |
to fight Austrian forces in Italy, 1796 |
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What happens when France loses crontrol in France, 1799 |
France elects emergency powers to three consuls |
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Coup d' etat |
a military overthrow. It makes peace with countries at war. |
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When does Napoleon stage a coup d' etat |
when he declares himself first consul |
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Plebiscite |
vote |
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How does Napoleon gain the people' trust? |
He holds a plebiscite, and lets the people vote for him to stay in power -they do |
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what did Napoleon Reform? |
-ended corruption in government, hired trained officials -started government, formed lycees -signed a concordat |
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an agreement with the Catholic Church, to recognize each other's power |
Concordat |
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public schools |
lycees |
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laws that limit freedoms in exchange for security |
Napoleonic Code |
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What does Napoleon do that causes revolutions and raises money |
He sells American colonies |
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What major does Napoleon give to himself |
Emperor of France, 1804 -he annexed the Netherlands and parts of Italy |
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what countries formed a coalition against Napoleon? |
Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia |
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the decisive victory against the coalition, 1805 |
Battle of Austerlitz (He won) |
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What led to the breaking up of the coalition? |
Series of French victories |
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decisive British naval victory, led by Horatio Nelson -secured British naval supremacy -Prevented Napoleon's invasion of Britain |
Battle of Trafalgar |
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How did Napoleon control conquer countries? |
Forced alliances & puppet governments |
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follow every command of France |
puppet government |
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Napoleon's plan to cut off Great Britain from Europe |
Continental System |
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forced closure of naval ports |
Blockade |
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What did Napoleon do about the ports in 1807 |
He enforced a blockade, he shut them down |
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Why did the blockade fail? |
-smugglers got supplies through -french allies ignored the blockade |
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Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, 1808 |
Peninsular War |
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Why does Napoleon want to invade Portugal? |
They refused to follow the blockade |
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Which country gets upset about the Portugal invasion? |
Spain because they had an agreement that no soldiers would come to Spain, but they had to in order to walk to Portugal. They lost their ships to the British |
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Spanish fighters who use hit and run tactics |
Guerillas |
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Why was Napoleon forced to withdraw? |
serious troop losses |
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Why did Napoleon invade Russia? |
because Czar Alexander refused to follow the blockade |
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How does Russia draw Napoleon in? |
through a strategic withdraw- retreated |
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destroying the land so that an invading army as nothing for food or shelter |
Scorched Earth Policy |
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Russia vs. France, neither side gains upper hand, Russia retreats, September 1812 |
Battle of Borodino |
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How did Russia defend itself? |
it burned Moscow leaving nothing for Napoleon. Napoleon's grand army reduced by starvation, disease, and capture |
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Napoleon's inexperienced army defeated by new coalition, October 1813 |
Battle of Leipzig |
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Where was Napoleon exiled to |
the island, Elba |
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Who replaced Napoleon after his exile |
Louis XVIII crowned by the coalition leaders |
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Napoleon's last bid for power, 1815 |
Hundred Days |
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Does France like Louis XVIII? |
No, they beg for Napoleon to return |
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What does Napoleon do when he returns to France |
He raises a Grand Army |
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British, Prussian forces defeated Napoleon one last time, June 1815 |
Battle of Waterloo |
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a meeting to negotiate a lasting peace and stability for Europe, 1815 |
Congress of Vienna |
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how long was peace successful |
100 years |
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delegate from Austria, founded plans for post war Europe -he made a 3 step plan peace |
Klemens von Metternich |
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What was Klemens von Metternich's 3 step plan? |
1) Containment of France 2)Power Equality 3)Restoration of Monarchy |
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What was part one of K.M.'s plan?
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To create stronger countries to border France
-unite the Netherlands -create a German confederation, led by Austria - make Switzerland independent -Unite Italian small states |
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What was part two of K.M.'s plan? |
Enforce balance of power -the concert of Europe -weaken France, but not too much that it seeks revenge, or can be taken over |
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no one country can become too strong |
Balance of Power |
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countries pledge to come to one another's aid in case of war |
Concert of Europe |
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What was part three of K.M.'s plan? |
Legitimacy -thought monarchs could stabilize Europe again, democracy is too dangerous |
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returning monarchs to power in those countries controlled by Napoleon |
Legitimacy |
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Russia, Prussia, Austria sign agreement to help each other out in case of revolution |
Holy Alliance |
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Why did Russia, Prussia, and Austria sign the Holy Alliance? |
they wanted to protect absolute monarchies |
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What did America lose and why? |
America loss colonies due to democratic ideas, and focus on European wars |
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What did Spain loose? |
Mexico |
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What did Portugal loose? |
Brazil |
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What's the opposite of Absolute Monarchs? |
Democratic Revolutions |
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What are Napoleon's battles in order? |
Austerlitz- Austria/Prussia/Russia vs. France Trafalgar-Napoleon lost control of sea to British Borodino-Russia vs. French lost men, fire, winter Waterloo-Coalition Prussia/Russia/Austria- lost and exiled 2nd time |
