History And Systems Test 4

Front 1

major characteristics of behaviorism

Back 1

-psych should be a science of behavior
-goal of observing, predicting, and controlling bx
-opposed mentalistic explanations for bx

Front 2

Sechenov

Back 2

inhibition- inhibitory mechanisms in the brain shows that psychology should be studied using methods of physiology

Front 3

Pavlov

Back 3

Conditioned Reflexes

Front 4

Bechterev

Back 4

reflexology: a strictly objective study of human behavior that seeks to understand the relationship b/w environmental influences and overt behavior.

Front 5

Father of Behaviorism (Radical)

Back 5

Watson

Front 6

Brain as a mystery box

Back 6

we invoke mental explanations to explain when we can't determine real cause.

Front 7

Classical conditioning

Back 7

Watson. We know stimulus causes response. consequence of the response is unimportant

Front 8

Watson's goal of psychology

Back 8

to predict and control behavior.
-reject introspection and mentalism

Front 9

Brain control behavior

Back 9

Watson (bx in terms of stimulus and response.)
consciousness doesn't cause behavior but is a byproduct.

Front 10

Associations in learning (Watson)

Back 10

reinforcement is unnecessary. more important is law or contiguity and law of frequency

Front 11

Types of behavior

Back 11

Watson
Explicit learned (thinking)
explicit unlearned (blinking)
implicit learned
implicit unlearned

Front 12

Instincts (Watson)

Back 12

radical environmentalism!! (no inborn tendencies)
only thing inborn are basic reflexes, not instincts

Front 13

Radical behaviorism

Back 13

(Watson)
only directly observable events (S and R) should constitute the subject matter of psychology.
explaining mental events is avoided

Front 14

epiphenominalism

Back 14

mental events emerge from brain activity but that mental events are subsequently behaviorally irrelevant
(Watson)

Front 15

Methodological behaviorism

Back 15

different from radical behaviorism because it is okay with role for mental events, but study via bx. (speculates about internal causes of behavior)

Front 16

McDougall's main interest

Back 16

purposive or goal-oriented behavior.
-spontaneous and persistent, varies
-terminates when goal is reached
-practice improves it
-bx is goal directed and stimulated by instincts

Front 17

McDougall's disagreements with Watson

Back 17

-role of instincts (perception, bx, emotion)
-nature vs. nurture
-acceptability of positing cognitive events
-role of reinforcement and need for reduction in learning

Front 18

Vienna Circle

Back 18

mind can't be studied objectively but the products of the mind can. Focus on empirical facts

Front 19

Logical Positivism

Back 19

wedding of empiricism and rationalism
-ultimate authority is empirical observation
-allowed abstract theoretical terms

Front 20

operationalism

Back 20

define abstract concepts in terms of the procedures used to measure them

Front 21

Neobehaviorism & 4 basic beliefs

Back 21

combines behaviorism and logical positivism
-theory must be used by logical positivism
-theoretical terms must be operationally defined
-non human animals should be used as research subjects.
-the learning process is of prime importance (adapting to changing environments)

Front 22

Tolman

Back 22

Neobehaviorist.
Purposive behavior (molar)

Front 23

Molecular vs. Molar behavior

Back 23

molecular- bx in terms of SR relationships
Molar- Purposive behavior

Front 24

Intervening variables

Back 24

Tolman-
S-O-R psychology
stimulus, organism, response

Front 25

Tolman and learning vs. performance

Back 25

learning occurs constantly with or without reinforcement
-latent learning (develop expectancies)

Front 26

Instrumental conditioning

Back 26

B.F. Skinner
we don't know what causes behavior, consequence of response is all that's important

Front 27

skinner and positivism

Back 27

not theoretical like logical positivism, but did insist that basic terms be operationally defined (like logical positivism)

Front 28

functional analysis of behavior

Back 28

skinner
even if mental events did exist, nothing would be lost by simply examining relationship between environment and behavioral events.

Front 29

Operant behavior

Back 29

acts on environment, resulting in some consequence. behavior is emitted, not elicited. (Skinner)

Front 30

Schedules of reinforcement

Back 30

Skinner
important effect on rates of behavior
external factors explain behavior. environment Selects behavior

Front 31

Skinner and importance of environment

Back 31

reinforcement contingencies in environment determines which bx are strengthened.

Front 32

Positive control of behavior

Back 32

Skinner
punishment doesn't weaken behavior. Need to use extinction.

Front 33

Subjective reality

Back 33

humanistic/existentialistic psychology emphasizes free will. Given a healthy environment, a healthy personality will develop

Front 34

Humanistic Psychology basic tenants

Back 34

-studying animals doesn't generalize
-human behavior is based on subjective reality
-studying individuals more effective than groups
-major effort to expand human experience
-research should solve human problems
-goal of psych: to formulate a complete description of what it means to be human

Front 35

Hierarchy of needs

Back 35

Maslow
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Belongingness and Love Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological needs

Front 36

Jonah Complex

Back 36

Maslow
fear of self-knowledge (limits ability to self-actualization)

Front 37

Theory of personality

Back 37

Rodgers
Authentic personality develops through development through organismic valuing process (self-actualizing tendency)
-unconditional positive regard
-conditions of worth
-authentic life

Front 38

humanistic vs. existential

Back 38

humanistic- humans are good and just need healthy environment
existential- humans are neutral, create meaning through choices.