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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abraham
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-Prophet/patriarch of the Hebrew faith
-The Abrahamic covenant given to Abraham by God was the first major event in Israelite History -main influence on Islam, Judism, and Christianity |
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Agricultural Revolution
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also known as the Neolithic Revolution
-period of time when domesticated animals and agriculture in civilizations began to be seen -10,000-6,000 BCE -agriculture develops in a number of different places - doesn't start in one place and spread -domestication of animals mainly occurs in Old World, not Americas --high domestication in Old World allowed for transmission of and immunity to animal diseases, when people came to New World, brought the diseases with them which killed many natives of the Americas |
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Akhenaten
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-also known as Amenhotep IV
-first known to worship one god (Aten- Sun God), though unsure whether practicing monotheism or monolatry (worship of many, but emphasis on one) -little lasting impact, traditional polytheistic worship restored after his death |
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Akkadians
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-Sargon (ruler of the city Akkad) was the first to unite many cities under one king and capital
-they conquered other nations and placed governors over them |
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Alexander the Great
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-Lived during the Hellenistic Age
-Tutored by Aristotle -Solved the riddle of the Gordian Knot by slicing it with his sword -Created an empire lasting only about a decade |
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Amos
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-Israelite prophet who protested against the ruling class in Israel and Babylonia
-prophetic revolution --God of the Hebrews is not just a chief God, he is the ONLY God, so his rule applies to all nations --Iraelites should practice monotheism, not just monolatry |
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Aristotle
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-student of plato
-taught alexander the great -pressed idea of reason and logic |
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Augustus
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-honorific name of octavian, Julius Caesar's nephew and named heir
-founder of the roman principate, brought stability to the empire that hadn't been seen in some time -the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the roman senate/republic --though called himself the "first citizen," liked to think he was saving the republic -after defeating all rivals, between 31 bce and 14 ce he laid the groundwork for several centuries of stability and prosperity in the roman empire |
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Babylonian Captivity
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-Period in which the Jews were captured by Babylon (king Nebuchadnezzar) and some of them taken to Babylon
-Israelite king tried to ally with Egypt and stop sending tribute to Babylon --Babylon invaded multiple times and deported many --According to the Bible, this was because of Israelites' wickedness. -Need to stick together, created synagogues |
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Book of the Dead
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-book in Middle Kingdom Egyptian religion that was buried with a person when they died
-it described the type of person that you were so you could be properly judged by Osiris -this is where Egyptian religion lost the moral/ethical tone it had gained because people began trying to buy their way into heaven --some men promised they knew the proper things to be said in the book, revealed for a price, that would guarantee the man's acceptance into heaven |
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Carthage
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-colony founded by the Phoenecians
-defeated by Rome in the Punic Wars, finally destroyed by Romans in 3rd Punic War under enthusiasm of Marco Porcius Cato |
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Chaldeans
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-people of Neo-Babylonian empire, succeeded Assyrian empire
-relocated Assyrians (in Nineveh so they would not rebel |
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Confucius
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-western name for the chinese philosopher kongzi (551-479 bce)
-his doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials -stressed importance of rituals and the family |
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cuneiform
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-earliest form of writing
-progressed from pictograms to symbols to phonetic symbols -few could master the system because of how many symbols there were to learn, therefore, not many literate -replaced by alphabetic writing |
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Cynicism
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-Philosophy during Hellenistic Age
-Diogenes --carried a light during the day looking for an honest man --think material things have corrupted human nature, therefore honest men in short supply -reduces material things to bare minimum so soul will be as free as possible, don't focus on riches/the material things --use example of Alexander talking to Diogenes: "can you move? you're blocking the sun" -highest good is non-possession |
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Cyrus the Great
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-r. 559-529 BCE
-united Persians and Medes and laid foundation for the Persian Empire -Conquered Babylonia and as a result acted a the great liberator for the Jews allowing them to return home, and he offered religious tolerance to his subjects -succeeded by son Cambyses |
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Darius I the Great
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-succeeded his father Cambyses as ruler of the Persian Empire
-converted to Zoroastianism -- his way of securing the throne and allegiance of the people, similar to Mandate of Heaven --charged by the Gods (specifically Ahuramazda) to unite the world and make sure everyone was treated fairly -invades Ionia to stop revolt resulting in Persian Wars -dies during Persian wars |
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Delian League
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-created as an alliance between Greek polis's to contribute to help fund and fight the Persian Wars - contributions went to Athens
-exploited by Athens; the Athenians used the money for their own purposes, not for the war fund as was meant -- because of this, the Peloponnesian Wars started with Sparta eventually being victorious |
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Diogenes
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-one of the founders of cynicism
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Enlil
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-Sumerian deity, lord of rain and air
-digs into soil and little vermin (humans) come out, thinks they are entertaining -god in the Epic of Gilgamesh who wants all men to be destroyed because they are too noisy. When he finds Utnapishtim has survived he is at first angry, but then Ea convinces him to be merciful and he blesses Utnapishtim's family |
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The Epic of Gilgamesh
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-An epic poem from Mesopotamia about the hero-king Gilgamesh
-One of the oldest literary works -flood experience parallels the story of Noah |
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Epictetus
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-stoic Greek philosopher
-taught that all external events are determined by fate |
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Epicureanism
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-Philosophy during Hellenistic Age
-Epicurus -Happiness comes through the pursuit of pleasure --Originally, mental pleasure, later became physical pleasure --Individual emphasis, don't go out and try to help mankind (Stoics believed in public pursuits, trying to better mankind) --materialistic: soul doesn't live on, this life is all you have -highest good is pleasure |
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Euphrates
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-River on southeastern edge of Mesopotamia (contributing to the name "between two rivers")
-provided ancient Mesopotamia with the necessary water for agriculture -known for violent flooding- contributed to the Mesopotamians violent view of their gods |
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Hammurabi
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-King of ancient Babylonia
-known for set of laws contained in His code written on a tablet --these laws were strict in nature, commonly referring to death as punishment for many crimes --made little distinction between things done on purpose and those done on accident |
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Hannibal
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-Carthaginian who was raised to hate everything Roman
-Convinced war is inevitable with Rome, so starts Punic Wars by invading Saguntum (Roman colony along northern border of Mediterranean Sea) and defeats Romans -Crosses the Swiss Alps into Italy, convinced that once they see him win, roman colonies which hate Rome will rebel, but they hate him more than they hate Rome -after fighting for many years on Italian Peninsula and gaining a large victory over Rome in the Battle of Cannae, He flees back to Carthage and is defeated by Scipio Africanus in the battle of Zama |
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Hellenistic
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-Greek culture that spreads across Western Asia and North East Africa during the reign of Alexander the Great
-NOT Hellenic (1200-300 BCE) -very cosmopolitan period (many cultures mixed together, a melting pot) -philosophers during this age had to figure out new ethics and ways to live during this time |
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helot
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-name of people of Messinia who were conquered and enslaved by Sparta
-did all the dirty work in Sparta - the structure of government relied on them -because of their rebellion to the Spartans for cruel slave treatment, the Spartan government and culture became focused on military power and suppressing further rebellions by an people |
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Herodotus
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-known as the Father of History
-Historian of Persian Wars (Greco-Persian Wars) -instead of just relating events, he interprets history, asking questions (By what right does Athens create an Empire for themselves? Concludes that they were justified because if they hadn't, Greece would be no more.) |
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Hittites
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-a people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the late bronze age
-with wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, they vied with new kingdom Egypt for control of Syria-Palestine before falling to unidentified attackers ca. 1200 bce --both exhausted energy on fighting the other such that with the fall of the Hittites, there was a void that was filled by the emergence of small countries -foremost power in Anatolia (1700-1200) -became military power through horse-drawn chariots and iron tools and weapons -their commercial empire linked Aegean, Mesopotamia, and Egypt |
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Hyksos
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-foreigners who ruled Egypt for a time
--Joseph came to Egypt and into power at this time |
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Iliad
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Book written by Homer
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Kong Fu Zi
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-meaning Confucius
-chinese philosopher during the latter half of Zhou Dynasty -advisor to Duke of Zhou's court, let go, started wandering China telling people how to treat each other -huge impact on politics |
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Legalism
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-the idea that human nature is basically bad and needs to be limited and controlled by government
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loess
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-a fine, light silt deposited by wind and water
-constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern china, gives the Yellow River its name |
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Mandate of Heaven
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-chinese religious and political ideology developed by the zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of heaven, to grant power to the ruler of china and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interests of his subjects
--reason the zhou were able to take power over the Shang and maintain control of the people |
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Marathon
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-a battle during the Peloponnesian War
-Athenian victory |
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Marcus Aurelius
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-last of the five "good emperors" in Rome
-unlike his predecessors, he chose his son as his heir, instead of someone with great ability and leadership skills -famous for his equestrian statue and for being a great stoic philosopher |
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Meroe
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-capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century bce to the fourth century ce
-they have a lot of gold in their land -had a lot of gold, thus Egypt interested in Nubia |
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Mithraism
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-religion that incorporated the previously worshiped Persian Sun God, Mithras, into the new religion Zoroastrianism
-Cult in honor of Mithras limited to men only, attracting soldiers particularly --had secretive, costly initiation, baptism in bull's blood, referred to in Roman times as a "mystery cult" |
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Mycenae
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-first advanced civilization in Greece
-tough, warlike, acquisitive people, traded with the strong and took from the weak -the city Mycenae was the site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom --civilization called Mycenaean because Mycenae was the first city discovered -influenced by Minoan culture -payed tribute to Minoans -"Mask of Agamemnon" discovered here |
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Narmer
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-Also called Menes
-Egyptian pharaoh that unified Egypt |
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Nebuchadnezzar
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-Babylonian king that captured Jerusalem and destroyed the temple in 587 BCE
-Diaspora - scattering of Jews --specifically, relocated intellectuals, skilled workers, aristocracy, etc to Babylon |
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Nile River
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-river that flowed through Egypt, flowed south to north
-calm river that had predictable flood patterns -flooding was key to creating rich soil to farm, key factor in Egypt's ability to grow lots of food --when there was a want of food elsewhere, there was always food in Egypt |
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Nineveh
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-Assyrian capital city where the Library of Ashurbanipal was located
-inhabited by war-like people who "left none alive" |
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Odyssey
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-Book written by Homer, helped us to understand the nature of Greek gods/how the Greeks viewed the gods
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Osiris
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-Egyptian god who by myth was murdered by his evil brother, Set, and body scattered around Egypt
-Osiris' wife Isis and his son Horus gather his body and properly bury it -egyptians believed every person who died went to meet Osiris who weighed the dead man's heart and decided if that man was fit for heaven -The Osiris cult brought morality and ethics into Egyptian religion that hadn't been there before, as a man was weighed by his righteous doings rather than what was buried with him (previously, rich could afford more to help them in the afterlife) |
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papyrus
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-a reed that grows along the banks of the Nile river in Egypt
-from it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East |
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paterfamilias
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-oldest living male in a family who had absolute authority over family members
-Supposed to be the embodiment of all the Roman virtues (courage, self-sacrifice, discipline, willing to serve the needs of the Republic, respectful of traditions and gods) and had to make sure his family embodied these values |
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Peloponnesian Wars
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-Sparta angry with Athens for taking money supposedly collected for Delian league and instead using it to fund their city, so declare war on Athens
-war extends for 30 years because of Athen's fleet which could keep them from starving to death, but Sparta is eventually victorious -Athens' defeat led to the end of the Athens Golden Age |
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Persian War
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-against Greek city states by Darius and son Xerxes, started with the Ionian revolt (Greeks based near the Black Sea)
-300 Spartans held Thermopylae until they were betrayed by a Greek who told the Persians of a mountain pass -Athenians appealed to Oracle at Delphi, who said they would beat the Persians, "from behind wooden walls," which they took to mean ships --spent time bought by the Spartans to perfect their navy. Became useful during Peloponnesian Wars |
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phalanx
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-military structure strategy in which a tight formation is made with every man shielding himself and his neighbor while the large group marched forward toward the enemy
-practiced by Spartan hoplites (citizen soldiers) |
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Philip of Macedon
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-a.k.a. Philip II
-had a high regard for Greek culture -chose Aristotle to tutor his son Alexander |
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Philistines
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-Neighboring kingdom to Israel with whom it fought perpetual wars.
-Was later conquered by Assyrians |
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Phoenecia
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-nation of city states
-first state-level society to make extensive use of the alphabet, which our alphabet is derived from -Punic wars with Rome, started by Hannibal |
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Plato
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-Student of Socrates
-represented first truly literate generation that gained much knowledge from books and habitually wrote down their thoughts -Founded the Academy |
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polis
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-Greek term for a city-state, an urban center and the agricultural territory under its control
-characteristic form of political organization in southern and central Greece in archaic and classical period -some were oligarchic, others democratic, depending on the powers delegated to the council and the assembly -urban center had acropolis, agora, fortified walls |
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Punic Wars
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-Consist of three wars between the Carthaginians and the Romans
-Began as a result of conflict over Sicily --Hannibal continued it by marching on Italy --finished with the destruction of Carthage -Romans ultimate victory eventually gave rise to the great Roman Empire |
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Ramses II
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-a long-lived ruler of new kingdom Egypt (r 1290-1224 bce)
-reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria -he built on a grand scale throughout Egypt -Israelites left during this time (the exodus) |
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the Republic
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-Book written by Plato
--allegory of the cave: prisoners chained, shadows cast on wall in front of them which is reality to them. One escapes and makes it to the surface, discovering the sun --sun = ultimate good, "essential form of goodness" --once a person discovers this new world, they would do anything to stay up there, but they must come back down to convince those in the cave there is a better place --philosopher kings should be in control of society, should be forced to be in control and everyone else should be forced to listen |
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Rosetta Stone
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-Ancient Egyptian stone that was instrumental in deciphering the Egyptian heiroglyphic language
-Contained same inscription in Egyptian hieroglyphs, Egyptian Demotic and classical Greek |
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Salamis
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Greek city in which a pivotal victory was won against the expanding Persian empire
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Shang
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-dynasty from 1750-1045 BCE, the earliest recorded group of dominant people in China
-writings from this period concern the king, his court and religious practices so we know little of everyday life -emperor has direct access to deceased ancestors who in turn have access to Di, the supreme god who is distant and unconcerned with humans' fate -also, Qin leader who founded adopted legalism |
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Skepticism
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-Philosophy during Hellenistic Age
-Pyrrko -belief that certainty/truth is unattainable -Wise men should seek peace and tranquility rather than truth -highest good is accepting the fact that there is no real truth that you can find, just accept what is generally/culturally acceptable |
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Socrates
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-Athenian philosopher who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior
-similar to skeptics, but sought answers to the questions he asked (skeptics didn't look for answers or think you could find them) -Was executed because he made enemies by exposing the pretensions of others --said that he knew one more thing than everyone else, that he knew nothing --accused of being a Sophist and leading the youth away from the gods -Oracle at Delphi said he was the wisest man in the world |
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Solomon
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-Son of David
-Israelite king who built the temple |
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Sophists
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-"wise men" who charged fees to teach what they claimed were necessary skills for success
-in class, compared to being lawyers -accused of corrupting the youth by leading them away from the gods and doing away with traditional morals -Socrates accused of being one of them |
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Sophocles
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-ancient Greek play-write, wrote Oedipus Rex and Antigone
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Stoicism
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-Philosophy during Hellenistic Age
-Zeno, Marcus Arelius, Epictetus -There are things we can control and things that we can't --Doing ones duty without any expectations or emotions --Ones motives are important but the results are irrelevant --Accept what happens, focus only on what you can control, don't have desires beyond that, but the universe is orderly and good will eventually triumph -Essentially, serenity of mind |
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Sumer
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-Earliest known civilization in the world and the "cradle of civilization"
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Telemekhos
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Odysseus' son in the Odyssey
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Thucydides
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-Second great Greek Historian, from Athens
-Historian of Peloponnesian Wars |
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Tiglathpileser
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-Assyrian monarch who created a core army of professional soldiers
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Tigris
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-One of the two rivers in Mesopotamia (contributing to the name, "between two rivers")
-Violent flooding, probably helped form their religious beliefs |
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Twelve Olympians
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-principle Gods of the Greek pantheon
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Ur
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-Birthplace of Abraham
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Warring States Period
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-period where each of the Ancient Chinese city states fought for power
--The Qin state won and formed the Qin dynasty. -Resulted in bureaucracies and centralized government |
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Xerxes
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-Persian emperor, son of Darius
-launched second attack on Greece, used ships to keep army supplied, eventually defeated |
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Xiongnu
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-a confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the NW frontier of ancient China (Qin dynasty?)
-Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these barbarians and finally succeeded in dispersing them in the 1st cen ce+ |
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Yellow River
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-Huang He, periodically flooded, fairly violently
-contain loess, a yellowish-brown dust from whence the river gets its name --as a result, very fertile soil -help facilitate east-west movement along with the Yangzi |
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yin and yang
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-in Chinese belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world
-yin = associated with feminine, dark, and passive qualities -yang = associated with masculine, light, and active qualities -originally to illustrate that men and women were equal, but eventually male characteristics became more highly valued and women became inferior |
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Zhou Dynasty
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-dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang
-Created the concept of the mandate of heaven to justify their rule |
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ziggurat
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-A massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mud bricks
-Associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities |
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Zoroaster
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-writer of the Gathas, hymns in an archaic Iranian dialect
-perhaps the originator of Zoroastrianism |
