History 2 Part 2

Front 1

What does the term “Industrial Revolution” mean?

Back 1

Industrial revolution The rapid emergence of modern industrial production during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Front 2

Where did the Revolution begin?

Why?

Back 2

Britain

War-Industrial Society Everyone benefits from farm/factory

1. When war was over the economy dropped (collapsed) and there was no demand.

2. Surplus population (healthier longer lives being led)

3. Enclosure movement (don't have as many workers, pushing people off land, so they go to factories for employment)

Front 3

What was its impact socially and economically?

Back 3

Holland's agriculture and financial institutions were second to none. France was the wealthiest nation in the West. Britain, however, boasted a unique combination of advantages that, when added to its commercial leadership, laid a solid foundation for the birth of the industrial revolution.

Transportation

Raw materials

Labor

Capital

Entrepreneurship

First, its growing agricultural and commercial prosperity made it one of the wealthiest countries—per capita—in Europe.

Second, it gained an unusual ability to amass and mobilize that wealth into capital for potential investment.

Third, unlike most of its continental competitors, Britain was long free of internal tariff barriers, had a uniform and stable monetary system. Therefore, inventors, innovators, and those who saw an opportunity could more easily find the means to start an industrial enterprise in Britain than elsewhere in Europe.

Finally, and according to some analysts, most important, entrepreneurship—at the heart of industrialization—was more socially acceptable in England than elsewhere.

Front 4

List the main points of laissez-faire economics.

Back 4

Adam Smith published Wealth of Nations became bible of laissez-faire economics. Emphasis on commerce, manufacturing and labor rather than agriculture as primary source of national wealth

Smith argued that economics had its own natural laws and if left alone it acts like an “invisible hand.” It would keep the economy in balance and in the long run create the most wealth. Smith said self interest even greed was the engine that motivated people to work hard and produce wealth.

Laissez-faire—hands off, leave it alone and let is pass freely. Limit government involvement in the economy to little more than maintaining law and order so that the marketplace could flourish.

It was the dominant economic thinking of this time period.

Front 5

What are the main points of the Marxist ideology as spelled out in the Communist Manifesto?

Back 5

Wrote “The Communist Manifesto”, treatise contained fundamentals of “scientific socialism”

Argued that economic interest more than anything drove human behavior. thought that dominant characteristic of each historical epoch was its prevailing system of economic production—how people made a living. Thought that politics, religion and culture were all shaped by economic and social realities.

Thought there were 2 classes the “haves” and the “have nots”

Haves owned means of economic production (capitalist that owned machines and factories in Britain)

Have nots—were exploited laborers (Britain's working class)

The two were the history of the class struggle, thought they would come to a revolutionary crisis. Used French Revolutuion as an example.

Front 6

Overall, how successful was Marxist socialism in attracting worker support?

Back 6

Marx's socialism gained immense appeal. Because he based much of his analysis on evidence and logic, it attracted intellectuals and students. Because his socialism reflected the social and emotional turmoil being produced by the industrial revolution, especially the suffering of the working poor, it spoke convincingly to workers and their leaders. During the second half of the nineteenth century, Marx's socialism would become a major force in the West.

Front 7

What was the Congress of Vienna and what did it accomplish?

Back 7

Great Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria (4 major victors over Napoleon) met in autumn of 1814 to redraw territorial boundaries and fashion a lasting peace.
Guiding principles were legitimacy (territories should be placed under control of old ruling houses) and stability (establish and maintain balance of power within Europe)
Signed off on agreement in 1815 –did produce a settlement that contributed to a century of freedom from Europewide war. Brought peace for 99 years.

Front 8

Conservatism:

Back 8

Government Regulations of the Economy

Power emanates from God

Monarchy-preferred form of Government Constitutional

Opposed to French Revolution, the enlightenment, and the industrial revolution

Opposed to the rising of bourgeoisie

Hierarchy of society

Elite are equipped to rule

Opposed to individualism

Agreed to stay under Church authority

Evolutionary change

Front 9

Liberalism

Back 9

Individual rights.

Demand reforms

Reflect aspirations of middle class

Wanted government limited by a written constitution

Prefers constitutional monarchy dominated by bourgeoisie

Drew on promises of French Revolution and Enlightenment

Must believe in laissez-faire

Wanted to extend voting rights to middle class.

Front 10

Reactionary

Back 10

Movement towards a reversal

Want things to go back to the way they were in the past.

Absolute monarchy (example for France)

Turn back the clock

Front 11

Radicalism

Back 11

Considered far left party

Movement of working class,

Want something now (better wages, working conditions)

Use violence to obtain the change they want

They want a republic so everyone is given the right to vote

Front 12

Which social class/classes support each ideology?

Back 12

Conservatism-Upper class

Liberalism-Middle Class

Reactionary- ?? cannot find in my notes or book

Radicalism-Urban working class

Front 13

3. What does “democratization” mean?

Back 13

Democratization (or democratisation) is the transition to a more democratic political regime.

(Wiki)

Front 14

Specifically, how did Britain, France, and the United States achieve democratization during the 19th century?

Back 14

Britain achieved democratization during 1815-1914 through the passage of a series of acts in the Parliament. It acted in this manner because the Parliament was an institution respected by all classes and deemed the rightful institution for making changes in the system.

France underwent democratization in the same period through revolution. Revolution had a historical precedent in French history because of the great Revolution of 1789-1799

In the United State, the process of democratization was accomplished piecemeal by the individual states until 1865. The Civil War and Reconstruction period led to federal involvement in order to assure universal manhood suffrage.

Front 15

Specifically, how did Britain, France, and the United States achieve democratization during the 19th century?

Be sure to note the social classes involved

Back 15

Britain: landed classes: middle class, working class.(urban workers

France: working class, middle class

America: working class, middle class

Front 16

Define the term “universal manhood suffrage”

Back 16

all adult males within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification. It is sometimes summarized by the slogan, "one man, one vote."

Front 17

Define nationalism.

Back 17

Nationalism A nineteenth- and twentieth-century ideology stressing the importance of national identity and the nation-state.

Front 18

What are the characteristics of nationalism?

Back 18

1. People living in geographically defined area

2. Common language

3. A charismatic leader or leaders

4. A common enemy

5. Violence (a war for independence)

6. Can put religion as one, but it was not on his slides in class, it is not needed for a nation to be formed, per Dr. Jones.

Front 19

Where did nationalism appear in the 19th century?

Back 19

Unification of Italy

Germany

Front 20

Specifically, be able to provide examples of nationalism in the nineteenth century.

Unification of Italy-

Back 20

Between 1859-1861

1. Camillo Cavour (Prime Minister of Sardina-Piedmont) fought war against Austria with help of France go t Lombardy, Parma, Modena and Tuscandy.

2. 1860 he supported guerrilla war of Giuseppe Garibaldi to take the Kingdom of the Two Siciles (Naples)

3. Most of Italy was in Sardinia's control, Cavour 1861 proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy

4. Died in 1861 rest of unification was achieved through war

a. 1866 Italy with Prussia fought Austria (Seven Weeks War)

b. 1870 Franco-Prussian War, Italian army took city of Rome from Papal control (Pope)

c. Italian unit complete in 1871 when Rome was made the capital

Front 21

Specifically, be able to provide examples of nationalism in the nineteenth century

Germany

Back 21

1. 1850 no Germany exisisted

2. Otto von Bismarck (Prime Ministe of Prussia)

3. At first Bismarck was going to make Prussia the predominant German state at Austria's expense.

4. Then he promoted nationalism over the issue of Schleswig

a. Schleswig was part German and Danish and was about to be annexed to Denmark in 1864

b. Bismarck skillfully forced Austria to join a nationalistic war in 1864 against Denmark

c. After war, Austria and Prussia quarreled over future of Schleswig

d. Bismarck fanned the flames in hopes that Austria would be proved into war

5. Austria played into Bismarcks hands and declared war on Prussia

6. Seven Weeks War (Austro-Prussian War) 1866 fought to determine leadership

role in the German states.

7. Issue arose between France and Prussia for its defeat of Austria

8. Led to Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871

a. Prussia defeated French armies in short order, but a revolt in Paris (Revolution of 1870) led to establishment of a republic that refused to surrender)

b. War was prolonged until January 1871 when Paris surrendered

c. Prior to surrender German dignitaries gathered at Versailles where the German empire was proclaimed

The King of Prussia became the Emperor of Germany

Another name for the king is Kaiser meaning Caesar

Territories that were formed were called 2nd Reich

Front 22

Where did revolutions occur worldwide in the 19th century?

Back 22

Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Austria

Front 23

Be able to place revolutions (those in Europe and Latin/South America) into categories-were they revolutions involving nationalism or were they revolutions seeking liberalization of a regime (that is demanding a written constitution and voting rights?)

Back 23

Map

Front 24

What was the “New Imperialism?”

Back 24

European states used these advantages(ships, weapons, and finances) to impose their will again and again in Asia and Africa. But the burst of expansion between about 1880 and 1914 was so rapid and extensive that historians call it the new imperialism.

Front 25

What were the motivating factors for the “New Imperialism?”

Back 25

Industrial nations hungered for new markets, cheap raw materials, and juicy investment

opportunities. Western manufacturers, merchants, financiers, shippers, investors, adventurers, and settlers thought they would find all these things in Africa and Asia.

Front 26

Who was Jules Ferry and what arguments did he offer for French Imperialism?

Back 26

Promoted colonial expansion was a French statesman
Played a major role in extending colonial territories in Africa and Asia. Public anger for his expenditures forced his resignation, but he was later elected to Senate and assassinated by a madman.

Front 27

Specifically which areas of the world did the Europeans exploit?

Back 27

Africa: first in Egypt

The French centered their efforts in western Africa

The Germans in eastern Africa

The British up and down the center

The middle East and India: British had Indian state under British control.

Southeast Asia: France took what would become Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos and grouped them into the Union of Indochina under French control.

Armed with their guns and goods, Westerners streamed into China.

The United States joined in the frenzy, grabbing the Philippine Islands after a war with Spain in 1898

Front 28

What is Social Darwinism?

Back 28

Philosophers and scholars also expanded Darwin's thesis and applied it to all human behavior, a doctrine known as Social Darwinism.(P674)

Social Darwinists extended Darwin's theory far beyond its scientific foundations by making it the key to truth and progress.

Front 29

Identify David Livingstone and Cecil Rhodes and specify the role of each in 19th century Africa.

Back 29

David Livingstone was a famous missionary (nothing found in book about him)

The British entrepreneur and empire builder Cecil Rhodes (1853–1902), backed by powerful interest groups concerned about the growing German presence in southwestern Africa, decided to brush aside the two little Boer republics.(P648)

Front 30

Who were the Zulu?

Back 30

An ethnic group of southern Africa.(Wiki)

Front 31

Why did the Opium Wars occur and what was the outcome?

Back 31

Reason: Chinese officials tried to stop the economic drain, addiction, and criminal activities stemming from the opium trade by making the drug illegal. As the Chinese official in charge exclaimed to the British. In response, Britain sent gunboats and troops armed with modern weapons.

Outcome: They easily defeated the Chinese in a series of clashes known as the Opium Wars. By the terms of the Treaty of Nanking (1842), which ended the conflict, the Chinese ceded Hong Kong to the British, opened several tariff-free ports to foreign trade, exempted foreigners from Chinese law, and paid Britain a large indemnity.

Front 32

Be able to distinguish on a map the European empires in Africa and Asia.

Back 32

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