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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Freedman's Bureau-
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Johnson tries to veto this in 1866, but it overriden. A governmnt agency designed to create new social order (schools, provide food & medical care to needy) by government mandate. Under management of Northerner, OO. Howard, this bureau had some success building 3,000 schools and expanding medical care throughout the South. This group was also one of the targets of the KKK.
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President Andrew Johnson
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Lincoln hired this democrat as a running mate in the 1860 election because he was a loyal Unionist. He became president after Lincoln was assassinated. He created the "40 acres-and-a-mule" and showed no concern for the future of black Americans. He had a six month window of opportunity where Congress was not in session to impliment his plan.
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Carpetbaggers
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A bad term given to some southern officials who were northern-born white men who moved to the South after the Confederacy's defeat. They came to the South with nothing more than thy could carry in a ratty old carpetbag. Symbolized corruption and lowliness, but some came with the desire to help improve America's black people.
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Sharecropping
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A system that former slaveholders developed where as sharecroppers, black families farmed a plot of land owned by a white person and shared the crop yield with owner. Mostly, the black frmer and white owner split the yield in half but the owner often claimed larger portion if provided some supplies. There were more white sharecroppers in the South than black, it showed little hope for economic and social advancement. They were constantly in debt with landlords.
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Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
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From 1867-1877 this was a phase of reconstruction on during which Raical Republicans wielded more power than the president. Allowing passage of 14th and 15th amendments and Military Reconstrution Act. This resulted because of Congress's success in overriding Johnson's veto. During this time, Congress made requirements for readmission to Union more stringent.
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Klu Klux Klan
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Formed in 1866, used violent tactics to promote Democratic control. They harassed black and white Republicans, disrupted Republican meetings, etc. Their goalwas to eroe base of Republican support in south and ensure election victories of Democrats which would updold white superiority. They also wanted to enforce the black codes and wore white robes to conceal and intimidate. Resurfaced in 1910s and 1920s.
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Compromise of 1877
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In order to avoid violence caused by the presidential election of 1876, Congress proposed the compromise. Republicans promisednot to dispute the Democratic victories in South and withdrawl troops from region which meant white redeemers would be in control throughout South. In return, Reublicans asked Democrats to accept Hayes' presidential vicory and respect rights of black citizens. Redeemers then received contrl of South
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Robber Barons
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Each of the three main industries, railroads, steel, and petroleum had leaders who took control of their indutries developement. These were "captains of industry"
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Andrew Carnegie
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Became interested in steel because of a trip to England and decided to open up a steel plant in U.S. He used cheap, unskilled laborers who worked for low wages. By 1900, he built the largest steel company in world who produced more than 35 of steel used in U.S. His greatest contribution to world was use of verticle intergregation and in 1901 sold his company for more than $400,000.
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Vertical Integration
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The system by which a business controls all aspects of its industry, from raw materials to finished produst, and is able to avoid working or sharing profits with any other companies.This system was developed and used by Andrew Carnegie with his Carnegie Steel Company. It is a way to gain all the profit.
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Standard Oil
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Rockefeller's company which distributed oil across the United States. By 1879, this company controlled 90% of all petroleum in our country.
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Social Darwinsm
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Herbert Spencer promoted ths Darwinistic pespective. Its the theory in which "survival of the fittest" extended to the business realm. Tycoons believed they were justified in their overbearing behavior because they had shown themselves to be the most successful competitors in oen market as opposed to welfare type programs and labor reform. Tey think the growing wealth gap is natural because the most wealthy will survive. This would soon be used by the Progressive movement.
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Boss Tweed
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A very corrupt boss from New York, his Tweed Ring of friends controlled Tammany Hall (a political organization known as a "machine"). He was appointed to supervise the rebuilding of New York City's infrastructure during the Industrial Revolution. He owned and had access to subcontractors and would tel money when he overcharged contractors. In 1871, he was exposed as a fraud and jailed/fined.
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Pendelton At of 1883
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Resulted because of Garfield's assassination over the issue of civil service reform, this act created a class of federal jobs that were not entirely controlled be politial patronage for the first time.
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Knights of Labor
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This was the first effective labor union founded in 1869. They accepted farm hands, factory workers, women, African Americans, and immigrants. Founded by a tailor named Uria Stephens and rose to prominence in 1879 when Terence Powderly assumed leadership. It failed after it could not coordinate activities of its members and Powderly did not like the use of strikes.
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Haymarket Riot
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During a demonstration in 1886, four picketers who were (fighting for industry rights or farmers?) killed by Chicago policemen. In response, a rally was held in Haymarket Square to protet the police officer's actions. Dynamite was thrown at the policemen and shots were fired in retalliation. This led to eight people eventually being arrested.
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Interstate Commerce Commission (I.C.C.)
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In 1887, this commission was created because of the Intertate Commerce Act enforced by Groover Cleveland.. This was the first federal attempt to have government supervision over the industries. This mainly involved the railroad company's issues because they were becoming too powerful for the states to handle, so the government stepped in. No one was really sure of the power this comission held in its first 20 years, but eventually grew to be very powerful.
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Redeemer Governments
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Southerner Democratic government that took over the South after Reconstruction. These governments go their chance to take over after the Compromise of 1877 was passed causing Hayes to become president and the redeemers to take over the south. They enforced extreme segregation and black codes throughout their career. This was the beginnng of the Jim Crow South.
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Marxism
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Creation by Marx himself. Theory that came about in 1848 that says everything that runs human history is ecomonically based. Everything in our world is controlled by money and whoevr controls the money is ultimately in control of everything. This is a struggle or fight between the haves and the have-nots. They believe we'll become one big monopoly and then the workers all over the country will take over by force and bring bought this uptopian society. This was a growing concern in Europe because people thought this explain many of their problems such as the social status' of different classes of people. This theory was also fearedby the Americans.
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Silverites
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These people were a huge addition to the election of 1896. They were for the idea of the "silver standard." These people were influenced and led by William Bryan Jennings and his campaigne.This meant if we got rid of the gold standard, we could create a duel standar and set up a rate of 16 (gold) to 1 (silver). They believe it would solve and even out all of they're economic problems when dealing with the social classses. Mckinley's followers greatly opposed this belief.
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16th amendment
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This amendment was adopted in February of 1913 and legalized income tax for all Americans. This was originally not a popular idea, but it's intent was to replace the tariff. It was meant to be small and affect only the top one percent of the country. The Underwood Bill was the firstbig legislative account which set this standard of a small tax on the wealthiest people who make over $4,000 a year.This was also abig goal for Teddy's Progressive party.
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Temperance Movement
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This was apart of the Progressive cause, a very moralistic movement. It was very similar to the sufferage movement because it was led by prodominatly women. This was in response to the widespread problem of alcoholism. Women's belief was that men would go out and drink their salaries away while also beating the kids an wives because they can't provide.The 18th amendment was passed in 1919 prohibiting the use of alcohol and then repealed in 1933 by the 21st amendment.
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Romantic Movement
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This was a cultural movement that dealt primarily with arts and literature throughout the 19th century. It influenced people to stress things from their hearts and become very emotional. It showed the feminine side of society. This movement symbolized this homelife and children in which they looked upon women and children very highly. Romantics also had a passion for war, they believed it was the ideal form of masculinity. This set the mood of the time period and created a value system for them
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Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
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This was in response to the Latin American Revolution in the early 1900s. Because of the Monroe Doctrine established 100 years earlier, the eastern hemisphere could not intervine with western affairs of any kind. Since Europe had been tied with Venezula ecnominically, when the Venezulian government started collecting massive amount of debt, the Europeans wanted to intervine and help stablize their government.The Americans didn't agree so we decided to step in and keep an eye on their economy. This doctrine claimed responsibility for Latin America's behavior from then on.
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Pullman Strike
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In 1894, after George Pullman fired a third of his workers and lowered by 25% the wages of those remaining due to the effects of the Panic of 1893, a branch of ARU struck the Pullman plant. Since the ARU is a national industry union, protests like this started to appear around the nation, when workers stopped running the Pullman cars. In response, Pullman attached the U.S. mail cars to these trains causing people to ot receive their mail. President Clevelend had to intervine and snd federal troops to stop the strikes because it interferred with federal mail system
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America Federation of Labor (AFL)
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Founded in 1881, this became the leading labor organization in America. Ld by Samuel Gompers, ths organization was a loose federation of roughly 100 craft unions which were unions of skilled laborers. Gomprs did not believe in organizing unskilled laborers. By the 1890s, the AFL was known as themost important labor lobby in th U.S.
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Wobblies
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Apart of the International Workers of the World (I.W.W.), these people was very radical in their attempts to make their voic be heard. They were industry workers apart of their labor movement. They represented the workers who'd been forgotten and poorl taken care of. They were seen from the early 1900s to about the 1920s and they were mainly Socialists.
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Jim Crow Laws
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Laws enforced between 1890 and 1913. State and local laws passed in Southern states by the redeemer government. These lawas mandated racial segregation in public facilities including schools, restaurants, and railcars.
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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In 1890, Homer Ferguson challenged segregation on trains by sitting in a white car and announcing he was black. This was in response to a protest movement against the Louisana Separate Car Act Plessy was involved in. This case was taken all the wayto the Supreme Court and in 1896 they ruled that segregation laws were constitutional so as accomadations were "separate but equal" it wa legal to have separate facilities.
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Populist Party
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A political party formed in 1891. This campioned the "farm" cause of land and crops over the powers of banking and credit. MAinly farmers got together in reponse to economic problems, the tariff, and silver issues. Their agenda was the same as the Grange's agenda. This was a huge party throughout the South and west but eventually dissappeared in 1896 with McKinley's election but the agenda did not go away.
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Pesident Teddy Roosevelt
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Elected into presidency in 1901 and served for two terms until 1909. He ended the line of intitity attitudes in office and became know as a very active leader. Teddy strongly advcated hs "bully pulpit" position which was his Progressiv presidential position. HE believed in an even relationship between big businesses and laborers and his "big stick" theory. He disliked monopolies such as Morgan and Rckefeller and made it apart of his agenda to "trust-bust."
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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This act was passed in 1890 in response to the bureau's findings on the conduct of businesses. IT was the federal government's first attempt to break up monoplies. Even though this law was passed, it was not widely used until the Roosevelt administraton.
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Progessive Party
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A political party created by Teddy Roosevelt in 1912 to win back the presidncy from former progrssive follower, Howard Taft. This party held the ame agenda Teddy set forth in his administration with things such as anti-monopoly, being a middle-class party, and aiming at moderate industrialization. Manyof their goals were achieved but unforunately World War I destroyed this party.
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William Jennings Bryan
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The Democratic nominee of the 1896 election who led the Populists party. He had an extreme position on the free silver standard. Although he had a die-hard passion for the silver standard, he was not interested in the other issues the Populists party stood for. Even though he made his famous "Cross of Gold" speech at the democratic convention, he ended up losing the election to his opponent, Mckinley.
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Muckrakers
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The name was coined by Teddy Roosevelt because these people would only help the Progressive party. These people were investigative writers who exposed bad conditions in American factories, political corruption in city machines, and the financial deceit of corporations. They used these stories to influence city dwellers to flush out immorality ad see the positive effects of urban democracy
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The Grange
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The social foundation that farmers apart of the Populist party put together in order to voice their opinions and issues about their work. Established in 1868, some of this organization's goals were the end of monopolies, going after the railroads for their unfair ways, improving farms and irrigation techniques. Unfortunately, none of their goals were met except for a few local
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Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
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Occured in 1911 in New York City. Foreman at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company bolted their fire escape door shut to prevent female workers to take smoke breaks. When a fire broke out in front of their sweatshop, all the employees were trapped inside. The site was horrific with women jumping out of windows because they were only given two choices. The final death toll was 146 workers in which all of them were young, poor women
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Margaret Sanger
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She coined the term"birth control" which eventually was against the law in 24 states. She also opened up abirth control clinic where she spread information about where babies come from and how they are made. She was eventually arrested in 1916 for spreading on birth control and charged her on porn laws, dueto the fact that she talked openly about sex and sent information through the mail
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19th amendment
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Because of the two groups the National American Women Sufferage Association (NAWSA) and the National Women's Party and their combined efforts on advocating the legalization of voting rights of women, in 1920 they finally saw victory. The 19th amendment passed by Woodrow Wilson right after World War I, permitted women the legal right to vote.
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Dawes Severalty Act
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Also known as the Dawes General Allotment Act, this federal law was passed in 1887. It declared that lands held by indian tribes were to be divided among families and the indians were not allowed to sell their land because the government held these lands in a trust for 25 years. After the 25 years was p, individual indians were to receive the title to the land and become American citizens. This did not work now did it help the Indians farm land. The whites ended up with 2/3 of their land.
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Ford's Model T
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Created in 1907 by Henry Ford. THis invention brough abot the assembly line and applied it to the cars. All Ford cars were black because it was cheaper and easier to make. In 1914, Ford Motors introduced the $5-a-day salary for its workers. By the 1920's cars were common
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New Immigrants
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Staring in the 19th century the United States has a new wave of immigrants cross our borders. These people came from Sout and Eastern Europe as well as China. Such problems as overcrowding, disease, and money issues brought them to our land. They were only able to live in crowded urban enclaves that were divided by ethnicity. They were the unskilled laborers who worked in factories on little to nothing pay and lived in slums.
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Panama Canal
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In order to cut through to each ocean so our navy could decrease the amount of Nacvy ships we had, the U.S. needed a canal. America supported a separatist movement (that we initiated with brides) in Columbia to gain Panama in 1903. It ws a time consuming, strenuous, and devastating build bt it 1914 the canal opened with a 99 year lease. Today, the canal is still up and running although not for its initial militray purpose. It provides great economic support for te Panamanians
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Panic of 1893
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Caused by the overexpansion of railroads and bad debts. Loans got so bad that banks stopped giving out money to people. This was considered the worst depression until the 1930s because it create a worldwide depression through the 1890s with a forth of the railroads bankrupt, unemplyent rates as high as 25%, and 3 millions people umemployed. Over 15,000 businesses, 600 banks, and 74 rairoads failed because of this. It last until 1897
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Spanish-American War
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Because of Spain's declining power, a revolt in Cuba broke out against its rule in 1895. As the Monroe Doctrine states, eastern hemisphere affairs donot mix with western affairs so when the possibility of Spain coming to reconquer Cuba, the U.S. decided to step in. A warship called "The Maine" was blown up and the Americans blamed the Spainish which ltimately caused the war. Teddy Roosevelt and San Juan Hill were known as the rough riders in this war. It lasted ten weeks and we acquired the Philippines, Quam, Puerto Rico and domination over Cuba but they became independent.
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Sufferage Movement
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Due to women's desire of a constitutional right to vote, this movement was initiated in 1910 when the NAWSA, he women's sufferage association was formed. This movement grew partly from other movements and has very close ties to the temperance movement in which women also led. Most of the women were involved with other movements such as labor, etc. In 1920, Woodrow Wilson passed the 19th amendment permitting women the right to vote.
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Victorianism
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During the 19th century, this was a middleclass value system that started in Europe and made its way to America. This idea of life had an emphasis on refinement and propriety. People were puritnical,they were pure and innocent, properm prudish civilized, and self-cnscious. Tey frequently out women and children on pedestals but this idea was feared because of both aristocracy and the lower class.
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