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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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skeptic
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a person who questions the validity or authenticity of something purporting to be factual.
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critic
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a person who judges, evaluates, or criticizes
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connotation
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is a meaning associated with a word, but not what you need to know to properly use it.
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denotation
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is the essential meaning of a given word. What you necessarily need to know in order to use it properly.
have to state both the necessary and sufficient conditions of a term, and the definition of any term must be observable, checkable, and potentially disprovable before they have concrete or real meaning. |
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necessary and sufficient
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Clouds are necessary for rain.
But clouds aren’t sufficient for rain, because there are other conditions necessary for rain to occur. |
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social behavior
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requires one individual helping another individual at their own expense.
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culture
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any behavior that is learned and copied from any individual.
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kinship
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relationships are based solely on birth, not on shared blood (metaphor) or genes.
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1. kinsman
2. ancestor 3.co-descendant |
A 1. is someone who is linked by one or more birth links to oneself and therefore is either an 2 (a parent or grandparent), a descendant (a child), or a 3 (one who shares a common ancestor, a cousin, aunt, or uncle).
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kinship behavior
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exhibited by mammals is seen between close kin.
Such sacrifice begins with a mother nursing her offspring and then extends outward, through her to her other offspring. |
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kin terms
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to identify a wide range of relatives.
(father, mother, son, daughter, and cousin) imply a precise genealogical distance. is to identify individuals with whom we might cooperate or behave socially with. |
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tradition
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Any cultural behaviors that are acquired from ancestors
are powerful because they are potentially 100% transmittable, and because they are inheritable and replicable they can have influence on their own frequency in later generations. |
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parental care
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favors the child’s reproduction at the expense of the parents’.
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clan names
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are lineages used to identify kinsmen.
to identify a broad range of kin. |
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ancestors
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a person from whom another is directly descended, esp someone more distant than a grandparent; forefather
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descendants
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an offspring
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co descendant
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one who shares a common ancestor, a cousin, aunt, or uncle
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why humans practice history
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t shows latter generations how to live successfully by instructing them in the lessons learned by their ancestors.
Therefore it has influence on its own frequency in later generations. |
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ritual
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is a stereotyped, or repeated, and patterned social interaction.
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what distinguishes humans from animals?
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the suppression of selfish appetites through ancestral traditions.
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PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
1. Lincoln's plan 2.congressional resistance 3. johnsons reconstruction |
The Proclamation established the 10% Plan as the means of reconstruction
2. it was to be the duty of the Congress to decide when and how they were to be reconstituted 1.Southern states could form governments and rejoin Union if 10% of voters in election of 1860 had taken a loyalty oath 3. a.Pardoned everyone with $20 thousand or less in property b. omitted 10% plan c. Established native Unionist governors in Southern States |
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Invalidate secession
Abolish slavery Repudiate Confederate debts Ratify the 13th Amendment Abolished slavery |
what were johnsons new constitutions conditions that each state had to include in their own constitutions (4)
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1. black codes
2. new rights for blacks 3. restrictions for blacks |
1. restored traditional Southern caste-based society
2. Marriages legally recognized Accepted testimony of blacks in legal cases Property ownership Blacks could sue and be sued 3. They could not own farm land (MS) Blacks could not own city lots (SC) They were required to enter into labor contracts |
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1. congressional reconstruction
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The Radical influenced congress refused to seat Southern congressmen
b. Radical influenced congress passes Civil Rights Act (1866) c. Republicans won over a two-thirds majority in House and Senate in 1866 congressional elections |
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civil rights act 1866
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Made all persons born in U.S. citizens
Citizens entitled to full and equal benefit of all laws |
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14th amendment
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defined citizens as those born or naturalized in the U.S. and forbade any state from denying citizens rights to life, liberty, property, and due process of law
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Reconstruction Amendments
of the congressional reconstruction |
13th 14th and 15th amendments were part of the
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military reconstruction act
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divided the states into military districts, established Marshal act
Prescribed conditions under which new Southern states should be formed States had to accept black suffrage States had to ratify the 14th Amendment |
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tenure of office act
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Required the consent of the Senate for the president to remove any cabinet member
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Ku Klux Klan
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Violent White Reaction to Southern Republican Rule
White vigilante paramilitary organization It was based on an appeal to ethnicity and Southern tradition |
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Southern redemption
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Democrats began to dominate the Southern political landscape in the 1870, restoring Southern traditions
b. Southern Democrats conserved their traditions by reducing the influence of Congressional Reconstruction in their societies |
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compromise of 1877
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these were the effect of what?
national distractions election of 1876 the compromise |
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national distractions
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Scandals and economic instability distracted Americans from the issues surrounding Reconstruction and eroded national support for Republicans
b. These issues took the political focus off Southern Reconstruction and allowed Southern Democrats to assume their traditional leadership in the South |
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election of 1876
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Rutherford B. Hayes v. Samuel Tilden
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Democrats allowed Hayes to become president in exchange for removing troops from the South and to allow the restoration of home rule
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what did the compromise include?
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compromise of 1877
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was the last of the sectional compromises that finally put the sectional division of the U.S. to rest
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1. johnson
2. homestead act 3. succession 4. republicans 5. constitutions |
1. agreed with Lincolns (rights of the freed slaves should be treated with leniency)
Had a passionate belief in 2.(cheap land for the poor) There were 3 constitutional positions that had to be established A. urged white house and congress that 3. had destroyed S states, and was up to congress to decide how they would be reconstituted B. republicans made s states forfeit their rights,and up to congress when their rights be restored and making all states 4. according to their own 5. C. lincoln-johnson clemecy position |
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tenure of office act
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this was passed so that the congress had to be appointed to dismiss officials
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union leagues
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called pressure groups, which built up a republican party of the south
to promote loyalty to the union |
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barbed wire
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a dramatic impact on agricultural history. protect against cattle or to keep cattle from straying
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great sioux war of 1876
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Indians vs Army
Little big horn Custer died |
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Helen Hunt Jackson
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writer
author or "Ramona" and "Century of Dishonor" wanted to turn the indians into farmers giving them quartered sections to families(160 acres) and smaller sections to each dependent child (1/8) |
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violence in the west
2. new mexico territory |
started once the english settlers crossed the appalachian mnts
lasted 1850-1920 causes: greed,revenge,personal dispute this place was lawLESS most violent place 2 |
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mechanization of agriculture
2. reaper (machine that harvests crop) |
greatly increased farm work
first invention C.W&W.WMarsh (2) |
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the rapid advance in industrial power
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6 reasons
1. liberal patent laws(gave max. incentives to human ingenuity) 2. high labor costs made ppl buy labor saving machinery=high productivity=mass production 3. standardization of machines and parts 4. success of american agriculture, one of the dynamics in industrialization 5. abundance and variety of energy sources 6. continental railroad system |
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relationship between railroads and government
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the government was funding the railroad companies
also more important is the gift of federal lands given legally privileges in 6 ways 1. got charters 2.banking privileges to raise money 3.right of eminent domain(used rr to make their own money) 4.state and federal tax exemptions 5. secured monopoly protection 6.futher capital(money) was raised by federal, state, county, and municipal subscriptions |
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commodore cornelius vanderbilt
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was one of the richest men in america
took over the 2 industry -erie , NY central , started his own ferry line |
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Andrew Carnegie
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led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century
never bought anything on credit or put his money in stocks |
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j.p morgan
1. order 2. hard money as the best means of enforcing that order |
believed in 2 things
1. and 2 American financier, banker and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. he made several industries, steel industry, and general electric |
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chicago
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grew right from the start
using the latest technology building railroads, it was an engineers and architects paradise built the first skyscraper with so many libraries and art collections had one of the worlds largest and finest universities |
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new york
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circumferences by water and chose to have its park in the middle of city
less innovative than chicago, it was richer in that it was the source of the capital for chicago as well as itself had most expensive and tallest skyscraper jews dominated here, transformed millions of immigrants into useful citizens |
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thomas edison
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was an american inventor and businessman
his dream was to transform many kinds of energy into electricity putting out 1 new application every 11 days hated capitalist and financial men constructed in NY the 1st central electrical power plant |
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sears, roebuck company
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represented the conquest of geography by using the postal system and turning the entire nation into a market
began with watches the spread to everything else. believed he would be successful with the lowest consumer prices worlds cheapest supply house refrigeration was a key improvement |
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Similarities between Hoover and Roosevelt on government planning
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underestimated the strength of the american economy
both mistrusted the stock market both overestimated the value of government planning both doctored the economy habitually believed tariffs shouldn't have been raised |
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Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “Forgotten Man”
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roosevelt promised, he would act as the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid
the new deal made x the forgotten man |
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William Graham Sumner’s “Forgotten Man”
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C, the man who paid the man who was never thought of
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Calvin Coolidge’s view toward the relationship between government and business
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was city council member in massachusetts at 28 yrs
was a country lawyer suppoorted tarrifs liked to stay quiet and held back chief idea to americans is idealism coolidge dam |
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Herbert Hoover’s view towards the relationship between government and business
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was a minding engeneer
ignored politics for first 35 years believed action was necessary to make country live up to potential when recession hit he urged to create employment, encouraged business to make economy grow, said union wages were too high |
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The influence of World War I on Herbert Hoover
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during the war government had begun working on the a dam and power operation at muscle shoals, alabama
he was in charge of the food administry he made rr go pick up the ppl stuck in the flood and helped red cross launch a fund drive |
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Rexford Tugwell
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a set of travelers called junket-academics, magazine writers,union men.
the were the first non-communist,unofficial american trade union delegation the soviet union was their destination, to set up american trade and labor soviet union was failing great in agriculture |
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The difference between men like Hoover and Tugwell
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hoover belonged to a group that exported american ideas. they may want to modify american but never did he doubt her
TRAVELERS were importers, doubted america. ideas should be collected abroad and used at home for improvement |
