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45 Cards in this Set
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The Lithuanians |
●did heavy industry work like coal mining and the iron industry ●they ate different foods, lowered wages and had traditional weddings/christianings ●were part of the roman orthadox church |
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The Italians |
●were big in the food industry being icecream parlours/peddlers/opened fish and chip shops ●they worked on Sundays ●their daughters married other Italians and spoke Italian shops ●they worked on Sundays ●their daughters married other Italians and spoke Italian |
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Jews |
●worked as bakers, peddlers, jewellers, in clothes shops and in the cigarette industry ●they spoke yiddish and were Jewish |
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Irish |
●Worked as navvies and were hardworking ●they liked to drink and fight ●they were catholics and brought their cultures over like wakes |
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Irish immigration |
-poverty -scarcity of land (not enough farming land to go round) -decline of woollen/linen industries -famine (potato blight 1845-1849) -eviction -unemployment (ireland had few factories & population increase) -availability of jobs and higher wages in Scotland -short and cheap journey |
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The jews immigration |
-Pogroms (arrived after 1880 to escape religious and economic persecution by the government) -poverty -transport was cheap -job opportunities -lebensaum (jews arrived in 1930s from Germany to escape Adolf Hitler) |
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Lithuanians immigration |
-poverty -to escape tsarist oppression (compulsory military service) -persecution -high taxation -falling incomes -some were persuaded by agents of iron and steel companies to work for them -transport was cheap |
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Italian immigration |
-harsh living conditions -famine -drought -economic conditions (agriculture was in decline and industrialisation was slow) -Scotland was en route to America |
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The irish in Scotland |
▪they settled in cities like Glasgow, Dundee and Edinburgh ▪Their living conditions were very bad ▪they were welcomed as hard workers and cheap labour ▪they were blamed for causing disease ▪disliked for being catholics ▪they lowered wages |
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Scots in other countries |
▪scots named many places in new Zealand like dunedin ▪scots introduced merino sheep to Australia and were very successful farmers ▪scots were very involved in politics and the first prime minister of Canada was john Alexander macdonald ▪andrew carnegie became very successful in the iron and railway industries in america and his money built libraries and charities in America and Scotland ▪Alexander Graham bell immigrated to america and invented the telephone |
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Why scots were successful |
▪they spoke english which is considered the language of business ▪they had very valuable skills ▪they were smart because they were well educated ▪they were hardworking ▪they'd owned farms etc back in Scotland |
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Railways |
▪railways made lots of jobs for the building, running and maintenance of the railways like signal men, ticket collectors, drivers and clerks ▪the transport of goods became much easier ▪helped the delivery of food meaning farmers had access to huge markets and could increase their production of food ▪more people could add fish to their diets which was much healthier ▪people invested in railway stocks which boosted Britain's economy ▪the coal industry benefited it because they needed coal ▪clock making seen a rise in demand as each station needed a clock ▪touism industry boosted as people could travel more ▪news travelled much faster across the country |
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Social effects of railways |
-broke down mixed cultures as people from different regions were able to mix more -British time became standardised as trains had to run to a set timetable -people travelled further and found different areas to to find work -people could take short holidays and trips to the beach -sports became regulated like football, rugby abd cricket as national could be set up -national newspapers could be delivered |
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Political effects of railways |
-members of organisations could travel around the country to drum up support -the government could send soldiers by train to stop political unrest and patrol protests -MPs could travel more quickly between their constituencies and the Houses of parliament in London -political newspapers, pamphlets and newsletters could be delivered by train |
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Economic effects of railways |
-became a major employer -the transport of heavy materials became much easier -perishable foods could be moved quickly -people could add fish to their diet -people invested in railway stocks which boosted Britain's economy -one of Britain's biggest exports was locomotives and train ports |
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Why the scots emigrated |
▪foreign competition (wheat was cheaper in america, lamb was cheaper in Australia and New Zealand and margarine made in a factory was cheaper than real butter) ▪better opportunities ▪people were evicted in the highlands to make room for sporting estates ▪they were offered land/jobs as other British colonies needed the scots skills ▪there we many charities sending children abroad ▪women were needed in countries like Australia where there was a lack of women |
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Working conditions in factories |
-low wages -cruel discipline -fierce system of fines -accidents -health (chest/lung diseases, pneumonia and hearing damage) -parish apprentices (orphans were made to work without pay) |
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Reform of factories |
▪Robert owen owned a cotton mill and treated his workers well, meaning his workers worked better ▪he provided good houses and a school for his workers ▪no child under 10 was employed in his mills ▪he didn't believe in harsh punishment ▪people began to report to the newspapers on the terrible conditions ▪many acts were passed but all were useless as they were ignored or were insufficient until the 1842 act which employed more inspectors to make sure the new laws were being followed like : no child under age of 10 to work ,hours were shortened and safety was improved |
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Advances in railway technology |
-steam powered machinery was introduced to get through rock for building railways -technology in building bridges improved -boilers became larger which increased speed, diesel and electric passenger service was introduced to locomotives -mechanically/electrically operated signals were introduced -dead man's handle was introduced to every engine for braking -improvements were made to passenger seats and they were made more luxurious with carriages |
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Health |
-development of soap meant better hygiene -cheap cotton cloth meant people had cleaner clothes -school of nursing was made so nurses could be trained properly -chlorophorm and antiseptics were discovered -Acts improved health: 1875- compulsory for councils to take action on better hygiene and water supplies -the water was piped with clay glaze instead of wood so water wasn't contaminated by rubbish thrown in the street -glasgow water act meant 1.5 million pounds was spent on piping clean water to glasgow centre |
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Tsar - 1894 nicholas romanov II |
-he was a weak and poor leader -russia was an autocracy so the tsar had complete power -the tsar has the okhrana (secret police) which has spies everywhere to deal with protests/discontent -suspected dissidents could be tortured, executed or exiled to the frozen wastes of siberia -he used cossacks who were violent horse - backed warriors to control the people |
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Why was russia difficult to govern |
-the russian empire was huge -russia was a cold, inhospitable place to live -a small part of the land was suitable for farming -the Russian empire contained 130 million people (less than half were ethnically russian) -many didn't speak russian and didn't belong to the orthadox church -russification meant that everyone had to speak russian |
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Russian society |
-peasants made up 85% of the population -agricultural methods were backward and inefficient -industrial workers endured poor working conditions, they had poor wages and there was a lack of basic sanitation -the middle class were fairly wealthy and supported the tsar -the aristocracy owned most of the land and lived lavish lifestyles |
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How the tsar ruled |
-he relied on the nobility (the very wealthy land owners), the church and the army. -he appointed ministers to run the government and dismissed them whenever he wanted -the church taught the people that the tsar was given to them by god to rule them and therefore he must be obeyed -the army put down any opposition like protestors etc -he had the okhrana to spy on his people -he had cossacks ( horse-back warriors) to rid protestors |
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1905 revolution opposition groups |
THE KADETS- middle class professionals who suppprted the tsar but opposed autocracy and wanted democracy THE SOCIAL REVOLUTIONARIES- "the peasant party" believed land should given to the peasants and they wanted to overthrow the tsar THE SOCIAL DEMOCRATS- believed in the writings of Karl marx and were industrail workers who aimed to create a communist state where land /wealth would be shared equally. They wanted to overthrow the tsar and have small soviets to represent the ordinary people. They were split: on one side there were the bolsheviks and the other were the mensheviks. The bolsheviks believed a violent revolution led by professional revolutionaries with no middleclass involved should take place whereas the mensheviks did not want violence and were willing to accept middle class help |
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The causes of the 1905 revolution |
-economic problems (poor working, living conditions, poor harvests that led to starvation and high taxes) -the russo-japanese war (this led to shortages of everything, protests against the tsar for losing and industry was very bsvkward) -on sunday 22nd 1905 a procession of unarmed demonstrators marched to winter palace to deliver a petition demanding shorter working hours/a minimum wage but where attacked by cossacks and a massacre occured killing hundreds of women and children. |
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Russia and the first world war |
-in 1914 nicholas II took russia into the great war to defend Serbia as they were a minority group and Russia took care of minorities -the russian army was poorly equipped and trained -the tsar took personal command of the army and was blamed for the following defeats -by 1916-17 people greatly desired peace |
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Effects of wwI on russia |
-1 million russians died by december 1914, the tsar was held responsible for the defeats and the army was poorly equipped/trained -15 million men joined the army leaving a shortage of food and fuel due to a lack of workers, the railway system was very poor and couldn't supply troops/towns and food prices rose -constant food shortages and price rises cause widespread discontent, the war meant the population moved from the countryside to the cities and the cities became overcrowded with terrible conditions -nicholas gave his wife alexandra the responsibility to govern russia, she was german born so people thought she was a spy and she dismissed ministers she disapproved of. |
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Rasputin |
-he was a dirty drunk who became a very religious man -he believed god gave him the power to heal when he saw a vision of the holy mother -he became the tsar/tsarina's son's healer and stopped Alexei from bleeding due to haemophilia -people believed he was the tsarina's lover -it is also believed he heavily influenced tsarina's poor decisions in governing russia -politicians hated him and wanted rid of him -Yasupov gave him poisoned drink, cyanide-filled gateaux, shot him several times and put him in a hole in ice where still he only died from drowning |
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Law and order in russia |
The tsar had appointed stolypin as prime minister after 1905 to make sure the countryside settled down and he hanged anyone who protested, making the hangman's noose known as stolypin's necktie Newspapers were heavily fined and censored even though they were granted freedom of speech in 1905 |
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The dumas |
-in 1906 the first duma was extremely limite, it couldn't pass laws or appoint ministers, or control areas of finance or national defence -the early dumas demanded free education and more land for the peasants -this threatened the tsar and the first 2 were closed down after a few weeks -stolypin organised the third duma so that the wealthy ans noble classes had greater representatives -the 4th duma had very little time to make an impact before WWI |
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The consequences of russia in WWI that lead to the 1917 revolution |
-huge numbers of men were drafted into the army, the shortage of skilled workers meant the supply of industrial and agricultural goods dropped. This meant those at home and those in the army had a shortage of food, equipment and essential supplies -the little food, fuel and transport there was went to the army leaving the people starving, freezing and people protested as the prices rose -the tsar was blamed for military mistakes and the people were angry at the high casualties and protestors were influenced by soldiers who mutinied -the tsarina was accused of being a german spy, of having an affair with rasputin and his influence on her poor decisions -the bolshevik slogon "peace, land, bread and all power to the soviets" united soldiers and civilians to oppose the war and the tsar |
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The Provisional government |
-there were 3 provisional governments betweem feb-oct 1917. -Alexander kerensky was a member of both the provisional government and the petrograd soviet minister -they gave freedom of speech -freedom of the press -freedom of religion -the okhrana was abolished and political prisoners were freed -he was minister of justice then minister of war and in july he became prime minister -they gave freedom of speech-freedom of the press-freedom of religion -the okhrana was abolished and political prisoners were freed-the death penalty was abolished-trial by jury was introduced -national minorities were promised greater freedom-many civil servants were dismissed-a new calender was introduced -the death penalty was abolished -trial by jury was introduced -national minorities were promised greater freedom-many civil servants were dismissed-a new calender was introduced -many civil servants were dismissed-a new calender was introduced -a new calender was introduced |
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The Provisional government mistakes |
-it kept russia in the war and defeats continued so soldiers deserted in their tens of thousands -it allowed Lenin to return to russia who promised the people peace, bread, land and all power to the soviets -it lost its influence and allowed the soviets to dominate -kerensky failed to destroy the power of the soviets and when the army under general kornilov tried to overthrow him he called on the bolsheviks for help -he provided the bolsheviks with weapons which the red guard didn't return afterwards -the Soviet distrusted him as he'd appointed kornilov and the army generals hated him for betraying kornilov |
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Lenin |
-he graduated from petersburg university top of his year in law -he discovered marx's ideas in 1895 -he was determined, charming, possessed good practical and organisational skills, tireless propagandist, intellectual and could explain complex theories in an understandable way |
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Why the bolsheviks were able to seize power |
-they had a strong political and economic centre in the petrograd soviet -they had the red guard -they were organised, disciplined and had clear planned strategies -they were realistic, practical and clever in setting their short term goals -the provisional government was weak and ineffective -lenin was an inspiring leader with vision, clarity and ability |
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Causes of the October revolution |
-soldiers were deserting and returning home -the provisional government showed its weakness by calling on its enemies to protect petrograd against kornilov -the people wanted peace -the petrograd soviet became under bolshevik control -peasants seized the land and showed the government was powerless -the bolsheviks had been planning a second revolution and were ready by late october -the provisional government had decided to stay in the war -the provisional government had no popular support -casualties due to war were rising -ideas of karl marx (the dictatorship of the workers had not yet been achieved |
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Course of events of October 1917 |
-in the night of 24th/25th of oct a troop of red guards occupied all key communication points like: the main post office, the telegraphic agency, the telephone exchange, the state bank, the power station, railway stations, bridges over the river neva and the weapons stored at the peter and paul fortress -in the day the bolsheviks issued posters saying the provisional government had been overthrown although this was not really so at this point -kerensky tried to find troops to fight back but most of the city was taken over -the winter palace was taken in the evening and the red guards rushed in and the provisional government was arrested -in the day of 26th lenin announced at 1am that the revolution of workers and peasants had taken place |
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The bolsheviks in power |
-the bolsheviks are now calling themselves the communist party (lenin was the chairman, trotsky was in charge of war and stalin in charge of nationalities) -lenin declared an armistice with Germany -all private property was abolished without compensation and land was distributed to the peasants -an eight hour day was set up and insurance for unemployment and illness -newspapers not supporting the government were banned -a secret police called the cheka was set up -political suspects werw round up and executed without trial -all other political parties were banned -the elections took place but the bolsheviks came second to the social revolutionaries so the red guard closed it down |
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Civil war - the whites and the reds |
-there were many in russia who were against the bolsheviks and by 1918 there was widespread civil war in russia -the anti - bolshevik forces were known as the whites and wanted to overthrow the communists. They consisted of: industrialists, cossack troops, landowners, tsarists, britain, france, liberals, army generals like kornilov, social revolutionaries, japan. -the bolsheviks forces became known as the reds and were under the command of trotsky. Compulsory military service was introduced enforced by the cheka as well as strict discipline -trotsky travelled in an armoured train with a radio station, a garage, a printing press, guns and supplies. His involvement built up morale, discipline and created units in the red army |
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Why the reds won |
-trotsky was personally courageous, he moulded the red army into an effective fighting force. -the reds held the central area of western russia which was where most large industries were -they controlled train and communication lines so they could act quickly -the bolsheviks preached about the dangers of tsardom and the benefits of land settlements -the end of the war saw the end of the foreign intervention |
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Why the whites lost |
-they were scattered around central russia, hundreds of miles between armies -communication was difficult -there was rivalry between generals -there were different aims amongst the whites so the fought amongst each other -lacked good leaders -the harshness of the white rule scared russians |
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The consequences of the civil war |
-it had a disasterous effect on the russia people who were already starving and destitute after 4 years of WWI -there were 21 million deaths between 1914-1921 -the fighting seriously affected agriculture and industry which left people starving -starvation, dirt ans poor hygiene led to disease - which led to death as there were few doctors -in 1921 there was a serious famine- 5 million deaths. People fled to the countrtside to find food, leaving more factories with no workers -the fact that the communists had only just won always left them fealful of foreign countries wanting to return to russia to take over. This suspicion led to years of mistrust |
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War communism |
-the state had complete control of grain which was to be sold at a fixed price. People began hoarding the grain and were shot. They hid food and grew less grain -the factories were rationalised -all private trade was banned -trotsky favoured harsh military discipline: all social revolutionaries were arrested, the middle classes were taken hostages, possible opponents were held in concentration camps and there were wholesale executions |
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Result of war communism |
-less grain was grown and the scarcity of food led to a severe famine in the volga region in 1921. -fuel was in short supply, two thirds of the trains were out of action, medical services collapsed and industry almost collapsed -several thousand sailors were slaughter by trotsky's expedition when they revolted for freedom of speech and a free press. Lenin then had to introduce communist ideas more slowly alongside existing methods and organisations |
