Historical Background Unit 1

Front 1

said that Native Americans “took the first ship they saw for a walking island, the mass to be a tree, the sail white clouds.”

Back 1

William Wood of Massachusetts Bay Colony

Front 2

described North America as a “hideous and desolate wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men.”

Back 2

William Bradford, governor of Plymouth Plantation

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First permanent colony

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Jamestown in 1607

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when France and Native American groups allied together to drive the British out of North America. Britain won, being allied with the powerful Iroquois Indians and claimed all North America east of the Mississippi River

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French and Indian War (1759-1763)

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Colonists declared themselves free and independent when ________wrote the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. When the constitution was approved in 1788, the United States of America was born.

Back 5

Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and others

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English Protestants sought to “purify” the Church of England and return to simpler ways of worshipping, came to America to escape prosecution in England

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Puritans

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wrote in 1630, “we must consider that we shall be as a City upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us”

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John Winthrop

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Burst of intellectual energy in the 1700s taking place in Europe

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Enlightenment

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Political writings of _____, ____, and _____ shaped the AMERICAN Enlightenment and began to eclipse brilliant European thought

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Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson

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who said:

second Virginia Convention in 1775: “Give me liberty or give me death!”

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Patrick Henry

Front 11

called for rededication of Puritan vision

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Johnathan Edwards

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brought colonists together joining in the belief that a higher power was helping Americans set a new standard for an ethnical life

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religious movement, First Great Awakening

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Early American writing is_____. Native Americans, explorers, settlers, and revolutionaries all contributed their own perspectives to our knowledge of this literary period

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varied

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c. Of the smokey longhouses of Northeastern woodlands, well defended cliff dwellings of the desert Southwest, ceder-scented lodges of the Pacific Northwest, ____ was the most common activity

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storytelling

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d. History of groups, legends, and myths were spread through ___

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oral tradition

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______ can be found in every Native American culture, others include legendary histories tracing the migration of peoples or the deeds of great leaders, fairy tales, lyrics, chants, children’s songs, healing songs, and dream visions

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Creation stories

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Surviving stories show common themes including:

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a reverence to nature and the worship of many gods

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____ comes from 1st person accounts of its early explorers, settlers, and colonists. The journals, diaries, letters, logs, and historical narratives describe American landscape in detail and dangers and challenges

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Pre-colonial America

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first of pre-colonial America was journals of ______ recounting his 4 voyages to the Americas starting 1492. Started century of Spanish expeditions in the Americas, died disappointed thinking he just missed city of gold described by Marco Polo

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Christopher Columbus

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report by Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, one of 4 survivor of the 600-man Narvaex expedition, chronicled his eight years of wandering through Florida, Texas and Mexico. Described animals and surroundings

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La Relacion

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French and Dutch also sent explorer ______
the “Father of New France”, who wrote vivid accounts of New England and the Iroquois

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Samuel de Champlain

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____describes new lives in letters, reports, and chronicles to friends and familes back home which helped people in England picture American life

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Early English settlers

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"A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia" by______captures the way of life, natural resource and potential for building a successful colony—published in 1588, also had illustrations that greatly helped thousands of English readers form their first clear picture of North America

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Thomas Harriot

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wrote on history of Virginia and New England, eager to gain recognition, accounts attracted settlers to Virginia, ensuring success for the colony

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Captain John Smith

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_______, governor of Plymouth and _______, governor of Massachusetts both reflected on what they saw as their role in God's plan for a better society

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William Bradford,

John Winthrop Sr.

Front 26

described his harsh capture from his African home and the brutal and un-Christian treatment as a slave in the West Indies

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Olaudah Equiano

Front 27

Puritan writing focused more on ____,____, and ___instead of beauty or adornment because they saw writing as a tool to understanding the Bible and guidance in everyday life, one Puritan compared adorned writing to stained glass windows, pretty but does not light the room as well, the direct, powerful, plain language of American literature owes credit to the Puritans

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logic, charity, and order

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- wrote of Salem Witch Trials, scientific matters such as inoculation of smallpox

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Cotton Mather

Front 29

flying spiders observed as a boy considered to be first natural history essay on the subject; most famous sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
also wrote of dangers of sinful ways

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Jonathan Edwards

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first book issued in the North American colonies, in which the bible’s psalms are rewritten to fit the rhymes of familiar Puritan hymns

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Bay Psalm Book in 1640

Front 31

reflected wide learning, deep faith, and love for her husband and children, provide insight of position of Puritan women in the male-dominated Puritan society; her book, The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650) was the first work by a North American woman to be published

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Anne Bradstreet

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used his poems as aids for his meditations, considered best known Puritan poet, used vivid images from nature and everyday life to help readers grasp spiritual world beyond

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Edward Taylor

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i. People were drawn to political writings to lauch an experiment government that took shape in North America. The most important outlet that spread these political writings was the____

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pamphlet

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ii. One pamphlet, Common Sense by ______expressed the views of the rational Enlightenment and stressed the Puritan belief that America had a special destiny to be a model to the rest of the world; at the end of the essay he says freedom had been hunted down around the globe and calls on America to “receive the fugitive” to give freedom a home, and to welcome people around the world to its free society

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Thomas Paine

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Thomas Jefferson also wrote pamphlets, but his greatest contribution to American government, literature, and the cause of freedom throughout the world is the ______ in which he “eloquently articulated” the natural law that would govern America

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Declaration of Independence

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the idea that people are born with rights and freedoms and that it is the function of government to protect those freedoms

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Natural law

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iii. Eleven years after the Revolutionary War ended all but one state gathered at the sight the Declaration was signed in Philadelphia State House to discuss forming a new government. Delegates included _____,_______, and ____, four months later emerging with perhaps the country’s most important piece of writing: the Constitution of the United States of America

Back 37

Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington

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a work of a former slave ______, she wrote of the natural rights of African-Americans and pointed out the discrepancy between the colonist “cry for freedom” and their enslavement of fellow human beings

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Phillis Wheatly

Front 39

wife of 2nd U.S. president John Adams, who encouraged her husband to include the rights of women in the nation’s founding documents

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Abigail Adams