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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are nissl bodies? |
1. Clusters of basophilic RER 2. Found in neuron soma |
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What are phagosomes? |
1. Waste-containg vacuoles that fuse with primary lysosomes to form secondary lysosomes |
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What is a dense body? |
1. Tertiary lysosome 2. Contains lipofuscin |
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What are neurofilaments? |
1. Specialized form of intermediate filament 2. NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H subtypes 3. NF+ neurons contain these filaments |
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What is the orientation of microtubules in dendrites? |
1. Mixed--- plus to minus and minus to plus 2. Plus end points away from axons |
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What are dendritic spines? |
1. Small evagination of the neuronal membrane |
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What is the prevalence of nissl bodies as you move away from the soma? |
1. Highly concentrated in soma 2. Less so as you move distal |
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What is a neuropil? |
1. Interconnected and interwoven processes of dendrites, axons, and glia 2. "Neuronal environment" |
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How do you distinguish between axons and dendrites histologically? |
1. Dendrites-- homogenous collection of microtubules, unmyelinated 2. Axons-- clumped microtubules, myelinated, synaptic vesicle |
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What is anterograde transport? |
1. Movement away from the soma toward the axon terminal |
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What is fast anterograde transport? |
1. Majority of protein transport 2. Products made in RER |
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What is slow anterograde transport? |
1. Proteins synthesized in free polysomes in soma |
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What is dynamin? |
1. Microtubule motor protein that functions in slow-component A |
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What is the function of calcium-dependent proteases in anterograde transport? |
1. Disassemble the structure so that proteins can be utilized at their destination |
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What is retrograde transport? |
1. Movement towards the soma |
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What is transported in retrograde transport? |
1. NGF 3. Viruses |
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What is the role of dyne in retrograde transport? |
1. Moves from plus to minus end of microtubules |
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What are Golgi type I axons? |
1. Long axons 2. Seen in PNS |
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What are Golgi type II axons? |
1. Short axons 2. CNS |
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What are unipolar neurons? |
1. Single process that may give rise to many branches |
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What are bipolar neurons? |
1. Single axon and single dendrite |
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What are pseudounipolar neurons? |
1. Single process coming off a stem attached to soma |
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What are multipolar neurons? |
1. Multiple axons and dendrites |
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What is layer 1? |
1. Molecular layer 2. Few cells 3. Synaptic center for incoming axons |
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What are layers 2 and 3? |
1. Smaller pyramidal neurons 2. Form association and commissural fibers |
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What is layer 4? |
1. Primary input center for cerebral cortex |
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What is layer 5? |
1. Pyramidal neurons that project to subcortical areas |
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What is layer 6? |
1. Pyramidal neurons that project to the thalamus |
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How are cells in the six layers organized? |
1. Columns |
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What interconnect the columns of the six layers? |
1. Association fibers |
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How do neuroglia differ from neurons? |
1. Ability to proliferate 2. Can't transmit AP 3. Lack neurofilaments |
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What intermediate filaments do astroyctes contain? |
1. GFAP |
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What part of the astrocyte forms the BBB? |
1. Perivascular feet |
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What is the function of astrocytes? |
1. Supportive 2. Insulate synapse 3. Regulate extracellular pH, K 4. BBB |
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What is the glial limitans? |
1. Structural barrier formed on deep surface of meninges by astrocytes |
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What are fibrous astrocytes? |
1. Prominent in white matter 2. Thin processes, few branches |
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What are protoplasmic astrocytes? |
1. Prominent in grey matter 2. Shorter, thicker processes with more branches |
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What is a Bergmann glial cell? |
1. Found in cerebellum 2. Processes that extend to pia membrane 3. Astrocyte |
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What is a Muller cell? |
1. Astrocyte found in retina 2. Similar to astrocyte and ependymal cells |
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What is gliosis? |
1. Astrocyte response to disease in brain 2. Increase GFAP concentration 3. Form glial scar |
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What is the function of microglial cells? |
1. Eliminate toxic debris 2. Facilitate neural stem cell migration |
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What are satellite cells? |
1. Squamous cells that form a single layer around neuron soma 2. Similar to Schwann cells 3. Help from BBB in PNS |
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What is the origin of oligodendrocytes? |
1. Neuroectoderm |
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What are interfascicular oligodendrocytes? |
1. Oligodendrocytes found along and in between axons they myelinate |
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What are satellite oligodendrocytes? |
1. Found in grey matter of CNS |
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What is the origin of Schwann cells? |
1. Neuroectoderm |
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What is the mesaxon? |
1. Forms when edge of the plasma membrane abuts another plasma membrane |
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What is the incisor of Schmidt-Lanterman? |
1. Clumps of cytoplasm trapped in layers of plasma membrane |
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What is the major dense line? |
1. Fusion of two cytoplasmic faces (inner) of lipid bilayer |
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What is the inter-period line? |
1. Fusion of two extracellular faces of lipid bilayer |
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What is the internode? |
1. Myelinated regions between nodes of Ranvier 2. Large if formed by oligodendrocytes 3. Small if formed by Schwann cells |
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What is a paranode? |
1. Region next to node of Ranvier |
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What is the function of connexin32? |
1. Links cytoplasmic layers together through tight junctions |
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What is the order of the BBB? |
1. Inner--->outer 2. Capillary endothelium--- basement membrane--- astrocyte end-feet |
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What is the morphology of ependymal cells? |
1. Cuboidal or low columnar with microvilli
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What are tanycytes? |
1. Basal processes found interdigitating with ependymal cells 2. Contain GFAP 3. Transporter molecules
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What is the average CSF production per day? How much is found in an average adult? |
1. 500 mL/d 2. 100-150 mL in adult |
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What is the function of CSF? |
1. Transport glucose and other products to CNS 2. Remove waste products and drugs 3. support and cushion CNS 4. Carries hormones from hypothalamus
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What are the properties of CSF? |
1. pH=7.33 2. Isotonic 3. Lower concentration of glucose and protein than in serum |
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How does CSF return to the venous system? |
1. Arachnoid granulations |