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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neuroglia of CNS |
- Cell Fnc is metabolic/mechanical - Projection of neurons = Neuroglia - 10x Neuroglia > neurons - Can do Mitosis - Form Gap Junction but no impulse - CNS: Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes - PNS: Schwann Cells
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Synapses |
Site of transmission between pre and post synaptic cells, allowing neurons to communicate with eo and other cells.
Communication: electronic/chemical V.elec > V.chem Common synaptic types - Axodendritic, Axosomatic, Axoaxonic, dendrodendric |
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Functional Classification of Neurons |
- Sensory (afferent): to CNS - Motor (efferent): from CNS - Interneurons: only CNS connects afferent and efferent |
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Neuron Classification Morphological |
3 Types - Bipolar: 2 processes from soma
- Unipolar: 1 process from soma but branches into peripheral and central
- Multipolar: Most common, various arrangements, mostly motor neurons named by morphology or discoverer name |
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Dendrites & Axons |
Dendrites: receive stimuli from other nerve cells, most neurons have many dendrites from it's soma branching smaller and smaller has all organelles except Golgi body Spines of dendrites form synapses with other neurons, spines weaken with age, poor diet, and trisomy 13/21 Axons: transport impulses to other neurons, effector cells and muscles Arises from Soma, @ Axon Hillock V.axon = to thickness of Axon Can have collateral branches Terminal branch called Terminal Arbor |
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Perikayron - Cell Body |
Aka Soma, region of neuron with large pale ovoid nucleus, most conspicuous part of neuron with finely dispersed chromatin and rich synthetic activity (lots of RER)
When stained with basophilic material Nissl bodies are visible |
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Capillary Type 1 |
- Complete endothelial cell (no pore) - has intercellular clefts - Continuous with basal lamina - Found in muscles, CT, nerve tissue |
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Veins |
Venous system: venules, small veins, Medium veins, large veins Carry blood to heart General structure (in to out) - Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Adventitia - middle layer thicker than outer layer - microvessels play key role in anti inflammatory response |
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Arterioles |
Leads blood to capillary beds, regulates resistance and controls flow to capillary |
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Muscular Arteries |
Medium size, draw blood from elastic arteries to resistance vessels
Contains layers of smooth muscle Thick and kinky -> verhoeff's stain
Layers: Tunica Intima, Media, adverentia |
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Elastic Arteries |
Tunica Intima of Elastic arteries thicker than other arteries, Loose layer of connective tissue beneath endothelia allows independent mvmt increase SBP Elastic fibers act as a pressure reservoir for diastole |
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Cardiac Muscle Myocardium |
Involuntary striated muscle, only on heart and proximal region of pulmonary veins, Derived from Splanchnic Mesenchyme , gives rise to epi and myocardium, Adult is in layers Covered in Mitochondria supplied by triglycerides |
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Smooth Muscle Cells |
No striations, no T tubules found in hollow viscera of blood vessels 2type 1) multiunit-> contract independent 2) unitary-> dependent contraction and forms gap junctions |
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Sarcomere |
Base unit of muscle cells, formed of tubular myofibrils (repeating sections of sarcomeres) with dark and light bands, 2 proteins Actin(thin) and Myosin (thick) Myosin binds to ATP and binds to actin when Ca2+ are present |
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Striated Skeletal Muscle |
Voluntary, most common type, Produces all mvmts near body parts Multinucleated, long thin fibers, made of myocytes formed by myoblasts in myogenesis |
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Erythropoiesis |
Formation of RBCs under control of several cytokines ex. Steel factor, IL-3/9, GM-CFU and Erythropoietin RBC #↓ erythropoietin↑ |
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Platelets |
Disc shaped, non nucleated, cell fragments, derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow, Limits hemorrhaging and aides clotting
- Normal Endothelium → prostacyclins → inhibit aggregation - Injured endothelium→ no prostacyclins→ aggregation starts - Platelets aggregate to collagen and one another |
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Lymphocytes |
-Part of Immune response - Made in Bone marrow, matures in lymphoid organs T cells(thymus), B cells(produces antibody binds to antigen), Natural Killer cells→ kills any cell that has characteristics of dangerous cells |
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Eosinophils |
Bilobed nuclei Reddish orange in eosin stain Develop in bone marrow in response to cytokines (IL-3/5 GM-CFU) Phagocytosis, antigen-antibody complex, Specific and azurophilic granules |
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Basophils |
Similar to Mast cells Bilobed nucleus Releases: histamine, heparin, peroxidase
Specific and Azureophilic granules Part of inflammatory response and allergic reaction
Prevents blood clotting too quick due to heparin, promotes blood flow histamine
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Neurophil |
Protect against pyogenic microorganisms, inflammatory response, destroys traumatized tissue, phagocytosis 3 granule types : specific, Azureophilic and tertiary |
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RBC's |
99% of blood cell mass Biconcave shaped disc with ↑Surface Area/ volume increases gas exchange Formed by erythropoiesis: CFU-E→Pronormoblast→Basophilic normoblast→Polychromatic Normoblast→Orthochromatic Normoblast→ Reticulocyte→ erythrocyte |
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Periosteum |
Membrane that covers outer surface of all bones, except joints, made of dense irregular connective tissue, Outer layer: Fibroblasts Inner Layer: Osteoprogenerator cells
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Endosteum |
Thin single layer of connective tissue that lines bone tissue and reabsorbed if malnutrition is present |
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Histoarchitecture of Diaphysis |
Shaft of long bone, while growing the Diaphysis is separated from the epiphysis by epiphyseal plates of cartilage Diaphysis is covered by periosteum except on attachment of muscle/tendon or cartilage |
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Spongy Bone |
Mineralized tissue seen as spicules. Trabeculae are spicules seen in spongy tissue Trabeculae: lattices of spines, rods, and plates along lines of stress, Bone marrow: in spaces between trabeculae close to marrow blood supply Red bone marrow: in children found in most bones in adults only proximal head of humorous and femur and axial skeleton Yellow bone marrow: contains fat not hemopoietic |
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Compact bone |
Contains few spaces, strongest form of bone tissue, makes the bulk of Diaphysis of long bones,
Composed of osteons or Haverian systems
Osteons: Repeating structural units consists of blood vessels and nerves Haverian canal: makes part of osteonconsists of blood vessels and nerves Concentric lamellae: circular plates of ECM surrounding blood vessels nerves Lacunae: small spaces in lamellae
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Ground substance of Bone |
Organic: 50% of bone matrix, collagen type 1, highly acidic Inorganic: composes 50% of bone volume made of CA and phosphate needle like structures |
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Bone Cells |
Osteoprogenerator cells: derived from embryonic mesenchymal cells and retains ability to do mitosis into osteoblasts or chondrogenic cells with low O2 - Located in inner cellular layer of periosteum and endosteum
Osteoblast: on surface of bone exhibit basophilic cytoplasm, organelles are polarized so nucleus is away from secretory granules
Osteocyte: mature bone cells secrete substances for bone maintenance
Osteoclast: multinucleated cells from granulocyte progenitors, bone reabsorption then apoptosis |
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Perichondrium |
Vascular Connective tissue sheath that covers cartilage, fibrous outer layer and inner cellular layer that secretes cartilage matrix |
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Fibrous Cartilage |
No Perichondrium, matrix collagen type 1 stains acidophilic, located in iv discs, pubic symphysis and attached to bone,
Associated with and Resembles hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue |
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Elastic Cartilage |
Contains type 2 collagen and abundant elastic fibers Slightly Yellow and very flexible located in larynx epiglottis In most respects is identical to hyaline Cartilage |
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Hyaline Cartilage |
Type II collagen in its matrix, most abundant cartilage in body, template for endochondral bone formation, blueish gray semi-transparent, located on bone joints and ribs and the epiphyseal plates |
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Adipose Tissue |
2 types white and brown White: unilocular fat cell with single drop of lipid, vascularized with receptors for insulin, growth hormone, norepinephrine, that absorbs or releases fatty acids Brown: multilocular, many fat drops, highly vascularized brown colour, lots of mitochondria, |
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Reticular Connective Tissue |
Type 3 collagen, with mesh network of fibroblast and macrophages Fibroblast forms type 3 collagen and forms the framework for liver bone marrow adipose tissue |
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Loose Connective Tissue |
Loose arrangement of fibers and cells in ground substance, fills spaces of body just deep to skin, surrounded by parenchymal of glands ECM contains fibroblasts adipose cells macrophages and mast cells collagen reticular and elastic fibers #cells=#fibers |
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Dense connective tissue |
ECM contains fibroblasts adipose cells macrophages and mast cells collagen reticular and elastic fibers More resistant to stress #fibers>#cells Regular: collagen fibers same direction Irregular: collagen fibers all direction |
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Ground Substance |
Intracellular, highly hydrated, colourless, complex mixture of macromolecules, fills space between cells and fibers of CT and is viscous fluid lubricates and protects against invaders. Formed of: Glycosaminoglycan, proteoglycan and glycoprotein |
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Reticular Fibers |
Collagen type 3, silver Impregnation Highly argophilic and PAS positive due to high hexose content Found in smooth muscle, endometrium and framework of hematopoietic organs |
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Elastic fibers |
Elastin and microfibrils, highly elastic, can stretch 150% w/o breaking Elasticity due to elastin stability due to microfibrils Orcein staining AA glycine, proline, desmosine and isodesmosine |
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Collagen fibers |
Most abundant protein in body 20+ types highly tensile formed of tropocollagen w 3 a chain of helix config AA: glycine, proline, hydroxyproline hydroxylysine Types: 1- bone 2 - Hyaline Cartilage 3 - Reticular 4 - Lamina densa 5 - placenta 6- basal lamina |
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Adipose cells |
Store and synth triglycerides Derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells White and Brown |
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Plasma Cells |
Derived from B lymphocytes, manufacturers antibodies, High numbers in place of inflammation, 2 week lifespan Highly basophilic w developed RER |
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Mast cell |
Toluidine bleu stain, from bone marrow, hypersensitivity rxns Fixed cell contains heparin and histamine |
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Histiocytes |
Animal cell part of immunity fixed cell ovoid central nucleus Found in brain Brest placenta |
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Fibroblasts, Myofibroblast |
Fibroblast: most abundant cell type forms almost all of ECM Active Fibroblast: reside in close association w collagen bundles, parallel to fibers of long axis Myofibrocyte: almost identical to fibroblasts electron microscopy revealed that actin myosin bundle are present like smooth muscle |
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Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells and Reticular Cells |
Embryonic Connective tissues Reticular Cell: fibroblast synthesizes collagen type 3 and uses it to produce reticular fibers, found in spleen, Undifferentiated: Can transform into active Fibroblasts by developing organelles for collagen synthesis hallmark for wound healing |
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Endocrine Gland Classification |
Cord: most common type, cells anastamose forming cords around capillaries, storing hormones intercellularly and released upon proper signaling, ex parotid gland Follicular: secretory cells form follicle surrounding cavity where hormone is stored and when signal is recieved the hormone is reabsorbed into follicle and releases into capillaries Ex Thyroid |
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Exocrine Classification |
Merocrine→exocytosis ex. parotid gland Apocrine→ existence debated, apical cytoplasm is released with secretory product ex.mammary gland Holocrine→cell matures dies and becomes secretory product ex sebaceous gland |
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Mixed acinar |
Contains both acini for secretion of mucin and serous fluid ex submandibular gland |
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Mucous acinar |
Gland that produces mucinogen that when hydrated become a thick tell like substance called mucin Contains glycoproteins for lubricating saliva, arranged in tubules of cylindrical arrays |
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Serous acinar |
Secrètes enzyme rich watery fluid ex pancreas Pyramid shaped with broad base resting on basal lamina, narrow apical surface with microvilli, Adjacent cells join by junctions forming a grape stem like acinus with the stem as the duct |
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Tubular Exocrine gland |
Multicellular Exocrine gland exist in organized clusters of secretory cells that fnc together as a secretory organ classified as simple or complex based on branches Simple= 0 branches Complex= branch Morphology: tubular, coiled |
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Endoepithelial exocrine gland |
Goblet cells- unicellular, with goblet shape basal region thin on lamina and theca is expanded apical portion filled with drops of mucinogen that lubricate epithelial sheets by exocytosis |
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Basement Lamina |
Epithelium rests on sheet like extracellular structure called basal lamina - not visible by light microscopy Basement membrane: pas positive visible with fusion of 2 basal lamina or one basal lamina and a reticular lamina contains type 3 collagen 2 molecules Laminin: 3 polypeptides attach to all surfaces Fibronectin: 2 proteins linked by disulfide s-s bonds |
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Transitional Epithelium |
Consists of several cell layer, previously thought to be in transition between columnar and stratified squamous epithelium now known as a specific type in ureters and bladder large dome shaped and becomes flattened when distended |
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Psudostratified |
Appears stratified however all cells are in contact with basal lamina composed of a single layer of cells, most commonly seen as columnar and can have Cilia or not Taller cells have narrow base and wide apical surface and short cells are opposite Therefore LVL of nucleus varies Epididymis and trachea |
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Stratified Covering Epithelium |
Epithelia with more than 1 layer classified by Morphology and cell arrangement with only superficial layer being considered in classifications
1. St. Sq nk: composed of several layers with superficial layer as squamous presents nuclei ex mouth
2. St. Sq. Keratinized: superficial layer is dead cells filled with keratin impervious to H2O ex skin epidermis
3. St. Cuboidal: 2 layers of Cuboidal cells located in lining of sweat gland ducts
4. St. Columnar: more than 1 layer superficial layer is columnar ex conjunctiva of eye |
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Simple Covering Epithelium |
Single layer of cells all touch basal lamina, arranged in cell arrangement and Morphology 1. Simple squamous: single layer of flat cells with centrally placed nucleus ex loop of Henle 2. Simple Cuboidal: hexagonal solids when cut turn into cubes with central nucleus ex. Ducts of glands 3. Simple Columnar: tall hexagonal solids when cut appear as long rectangles with nucleus close to basal lamina presents microvilli on apical surface ex gallbladder |
