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27 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Neuron or Nerve cells
-Is the functional unit of the nervous system
-There are 10 billion neurons 
The central process is the axon and the peripheral process is the dentrite. 
They do not replicate.
-Is the functional unit of the nervous system
-There are 10 billion neurons
The central process is the axon and the peripheral process is the dentrite.
They do not replicate.
Cell Body
Is called the soma/perikaryon
-Has a euchromatic nucleus and Nissl bodies
-Has numerous mitochondria and large gogli apparatus.
Golgi stains - or silver stains
Nissl Bodies
Nissl Bodies
Are stacks of rough ER in the cytoplasm
With free ribosomes extend into dendrites but into the axon. Helps to distinguish between axon and dendrites.
Basophilic
Dendrites
Carry information towards the cell body and have a greater diameter than axons. 
UNMYELINATED 
Aborizations - called dentritic trees increase receptor surface
Carry information towards the cell body and have a greater diameter than axons.
UNMYELINATED
Aborizations - called dentritic trees increase receptor surface
Axon
Carry information away from cell body, 1 axon for each neuron. 
Axon hillock - where axon
Axolemma - plasma membrane
Axoplasm - cytoplasma - contents 
Also have terminal aborizations - branching out that connect to other neuron
Carry information away from cell body, 1 axon for each neuron.
Axon hillock - where axon
Axolemma - plasma membrane
Axoplasm - cytoplasma - contents
Also have terminal aborizations - branching out that connect to other neuron
Axoplasm
Contain microtubles and neurofilaments. 
Or neurokeratin - which is the cytoskeleton of the axoplasm
-black rings are myelin - lipid - perserved with osmium
Contain microtubles and neurofilaments.
Or neurokeratin - which is the cytoskeleton of the axoplasm
-black rings are myelin - lipid - perserved with osmium
Gogli Type 1 neurons
alpha-motor neurons of CNS
Axons are more than 1 long - muscle
Golgi Type II
Golgi cells in cerebellum
-short axons
- and interneurons
Sensory Neurons
Carry sensations from body to receptor in CNS
-most bipolar neurons, that have one axon and one dendrite.
Carry sensations from body to receptor in CNS
-most bipolar neurons, that have one axon and one dendrite.
Motor Neurons
Are multipolar and end on affector organs like muscle, glands. Or end on connecting neuron called interneurons.
-multipolar have one axon and numerous dendrites
Are multipolar and end on affector organs like muscle, glands. Or end on connecting neuron called interneurons.
-multipolar have one axon and numerous dendrites
Interneurons (intercalated)
99.9% of neurons, connect most neurons to effector organs
Unipolar
One pole with one process that divides close to cell body into two process. Seen in ganglia
One pole with one process that divides close to cell body into two process. Seen in ganglia
Kinesin
Involved in anterograde transport, from cell body to axon. Facilitates the transport of vesicles.
Dynein
Facilitates reterograde transport of vesicles from axon terminal and dendrites to cell body.
Terminal Bouton
Swollen bulbs at end of axon which synapse with another neuron. 
Axosomatic, Axodendritic and Axonaxomic
Swollen bulbs at end of axon which synapse with another neuron.
Axosomatic, Axodendritic and Axonaxomic
Myasthemia Gravis
Occurs when there are antibodies against your own neurotransmitters which attack acetylcholine receptors. Affect function
Schwann cells
Come from neural crest and responsible for myelination in PNS. One cell myelinates one cell.
Wraps around the cell. Outside is called neurolemma and inside sheaths are myelin sheath.
Come from neural crest and responsible for myelination in PNS. One cell myelinates one cell.
Wraps around the cell. Outside is called neurolemma and inside sheaths are myelin sheath.
Formation of Myelin Sheath
Sheath contain small amounts of cytoplasm - called Schmidt-Latermann cleft - islands of cytoplasm 
-Perinodal cytoplasma is at node of ranvier
Sheath contain small amounts of cytoplasm - called Schmidt-Latermann cleft - islands of cytoplasm
-Perinodal cytoplasma is at node of ranvier
Unmyelinated Nerves (PNS)
Are enveloped by schwann cell cytoplasm but are not wrapped. Are embedded and axon rests rest in cleft with a single mesoaxon.
Are enveloped by schwann cell cytoplasm but are not wrapped. Are embedded and axon rests rest in cleft with a single mesoaxon.
What nerves are myelinated and what aren't?
The thick the diameter of axon and the more myeliantion the faster the conduction. 
Motor - need quick response - thick axon myelin 
Sensory - need quick - also thick 
Smooth muscle (autonomic) - involuntary - unmyelinated
The thick the diameter of axon and the more myeliantion the faster the conduction.
Motor - need quick response - thick axon myelin
Sensory - need quick - also thick
Smooth muscle (autonomic) - involuntary - unmyelinated
Satellite Cells
Are peripheral neuroglia which surround ganglionic neuronal cells. 
Are cuboidal cells which line the nerve. 
are analgous to schwann and arise from neural crest
Are peripheral neuroglia which surround ganglionic neuronal cells.
Are cuboidal cells which line the nerve.
are analgous to schwann and arise from neural crest
Central Neuroglia Cells (CNS)
1) Oligodendrocytes 
2) Astrocytes
3) Microglia
4) Ependymal cells
1) Oligodendrocytes
2) Astrocytes
3) Microglia
4) Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
Large cell with numbers processes which can myelinate many axons (3-50) of CNS.
Large cell with numbers processes which can myelinate many axons (3-50) of CNS.
Astrocytes
Star like cell, largest of glial cells. Have one end connected to capillaries and the other end nerve cell bodies. Transport nourishment from BV to axon (perivascular feet and perineural feet) . Cells evelope capillary around - blood brain barrier 
Proto
Star like cell, largest of glial cells. Have one end connected to capillaries and the other end nerve cell bodies. Transport nourishment from BV to axon (perivascular feet and perineural feet) . Cells evelope capillary around - blood brain barrier
Protoplasmic - astrocytes found in gray matter
Fibrous - astrocytes found in white matter
-proliferate after CNS damage
Glial Gibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP)
Neurokeratin is found in cytoplasm and this protein is specifically present in astrocytes. Can be marked with antibodies. Valuable marker. Important because of brain tumors.
Microglia
Small with several process - come from stem cells. 
-Involved with phagocytotic system. 
Proliferate during injury/disease. 
Secrete cytokines
Small with several process - come from stem cells.
-Involved with phagocytotic system.
Proliferate during injury/disease.
Secrete cytokines
Ependymal Cells
Simple cuboidal cells with microvilli in Choroid process. Tuft of capillaries lined by ependymal cells, they filter the blood to form the CSF. 
Can also be columnar cells - (spinal chord) - have cilia as well. 
Have aquaporins, create 
 channels.
Simple cuboidal cells with microvilli in Choroid process. Tuft of capillaries lined by ependymal cells, they filter the blood to form the CSF.
Can also be columnar cells - (spinal chord) - have cilia as well.
Have aquaporins, create
channels.