Histology Final Exam

Front 1

What is the circulatory system?

Back 1

composed of blood and lymphatic vascular systems

Front 2

What are the parts of the "blood system" in the circulatory system?

Back 2

1. Heart
2. Arteries
3. Veins
4. Capillaries

Front 3

What is the lymphatic system?

Back 3

Begins in lymphatic capillaries and ends in blood vascular system, emptying in the large veins near heart

Front 4

The internal surface of the circulatory system components are covered by what?

Back 4

Endothelium

Front 5

Arteries
1) What do they do?
2) Why are their walls so thick?

Back 5

1) carry O2 rich blood from heart to organs
2) to protect against damage from pressure

Front 6

Further from the heart, arteries become what?

Back 6

capillaries

Front 7

T/F. Capillaries only connect to arteries.

Back 7

False; capillaries connect to arteries and veins.

Front 8

Veins
1) What do they do?
2) Walls?

Back 8

1) They carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
2) Thinner walls than arteries

Front 9

Describe capillaries.

Back 9

1) They have a single layer of endothelial cells
2) Surrounded by thin sheath of reticular and collagenous fibers and some pericytes (mesenchymal-like stem cells)

Front 10

What happens to pericytes in wound healing?

Back 10

They may differentiate into fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells

Front 11

What are lymph capillaries?

Back 11

-Form a fine network
-Have many interconnections (anastomosis)

Front 12

Describe lymphatic circulation.

Back 12

1) Begins with blind ending (close at one end)
2) Lymph capillaries are highly permeable
3) Formed by endothelial cells with button-like junctions
4) Fluid passes through them when the interstitial pressure is high enough

Front 13

Lymphatic system
1) function?
2) internal surfaces of all components lined by what?

Back 13

1) to return the fluid of the tissue spaces to the blood
2) The internal surface of ALL components of blood and lymphatic systems is lined by a single layer of squamous epithelium (endothelium)

Front 14

What are arteries?

Back 14

Elastic vessels that transport blood away from the heart

Front 15

What is the largest artery in the body?

Back 15

Aorta

Front 16

Where does the largest artery in the body originate?

Back 16

Originates from the heart and branches out into smaller arteries

Front 17

What are the smallest arteries called? Where do they go?

Back 17

1) Arterioles
2) Branch into capillaries

Front 18

T/F. Veins are under higher pressure than arteries.

Back 18

FALSE. Arteries are under higher pressure.

Front 19

What are veins? Where do they receive blood from?

Back 19

1) Elastic vessels that transport blood to the heart
2) They receive blood from the arteries via the arterioles and capillaries.

Front 20

What are the smallest veins in the body called?

Back 20

Venules

Front 21

Where do venules carry blood to?

Back 21

1) Venules branch into larger veins
2) Larger veins carry to largest vein, the vena cava
3) vena cava--> Right Atrium of the heart

Front 22

What transports O2 from the lungs to the rest of the body (i.e., muscles)? Why?

Back 22

1) Hemoglobin
2) To release the oxygen for cell use in respiration

Front 23

What is the most common type of fatal poisoning in most countries?

Back 23

CO poisoning

Front 24

What happens in CO poisoning?

Back 24

1) 667 ppm of CO causes up to 50% of the body's hemoglobin --> carboxy-hemoglobin (HbCO)
2) Change is reversible
3) HbCO is rendered useless in delivering O2
4) This results in body parts not receiving O2 needed

Front 25

Vascular Wall Components
1) What are the three components?
2) How are these components arranged?

Back 25

1) Endothelium, muscular tissue, connective tissue (elastic)
2) Arrangement is determined by blood pressure (mechanical) and metabolic factors

Front 26

Endothelium
1) Where is it?
2) What does it do?
3) Are they all the same?

Back 26

1) Endothelium is between blood plasma and interstitial fluid
2) It restricts transports and acts as a semipermeable barrier.
3) Endothelial cells vary in function, depending on which vessel they are

Front 27

Vascular smooth muscle
1) Where is the only place that vascular smooth muscle is not located?
2) What connects the muscle?
3) How is it organized?
4) What does it contain?

Back 27

1) capillaries and postcapillary venules
2) gap junctions
3) Lie in helical layers in tunica media (very common)
4) Muscle cells are enclosed in a basal lamina and various CT

Front 28

Where are smooth muscle cells located?

Back 28

Tunica media of the vessel

Front 29

Vascular CT
1) What type of fibers?
2) Why are elastic fibers necessary in the vessels?
3) What is the location and function of ground substance?

Back 29

1) collagen and elastic fibers
2) they guarantee shrinkage after expansion of wall
3) In extracellular spaces and it affects the permeability across wall

Front 30

1) Where do elastic fibers dominate?
2) What to do they allow?

Back 30

1) Predominate the large arteries
2) Internal Elastic Lamina allows diffusion of substances

Front 31

Where are collagen fibers found?

Back 31

Between muscle cells and adventitia

Front 32

What is a prominent feature vessels? What does this feature allow?

Back 32

Internal elastic lamina (IEL); diffusion of substances

Front 33

What is ground substance?

Back 33

Heterogenous gel in the vessel wall

Front 34

What are the three layers of blood vessel structure?

Back 34

Layer (tunics = coats)
Tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

Front 35

What separates tunica media from tunica intima?

Back 35

Internal elastic lamina

Front 36

Blood Vessel structure
1) Which tunica has only one layer?
2) Which tunica is the source of ECM?
3) Which two layers are separated by the internal elastic lamina in arteries?
4) Which tunica is continuous with CT of organ in which vessel runs?

Back 36

1) tunica intima
2) Tunica media
3) tunica intima and tunica media
4) Tunica adventitia

Front 37

Distinguish between three layers of a blood vessel.

Back 37

1) Tunica intima: one layer of endothelial cells, has lamina
2) Tunica media: muscle cells in layers, source of ECM
3) tunica adventitia: contains collegen type I and elastic fibers; continuous with organ's CT

Front 38

Vasa vasorum
1) Location?
2) What is it?
3) Function?

Back 38

1) large vessels
2) arterioles, capillaries, and venules that branch in the adventitia and media
3) provide nourishment to adventitia and media

Front 39

Why are vasa vasorum so important?

Back 39

Because large vessels are too thick to get metabolites via diffusion from the blood in the lumen

Front 40

Innervation
1) What is the vast network of unmyelinated sympathetic nerves?
2) What does this network do?
3) What role do neurotransmitters play in the circulatory system?

Back 40

1) Vasomotor nerves
2) supply most blood vessels that contain smooth muscle in their walls
3) Norepinephrine is released to cause vasoconstriction

Front 41

Are arteries innervated?

Back 41

Yes

Front 42

How are nerve responses transmitted to inner layers of muscle cells in arteries?

Back 42

Gap junctions, since nerves don't enter the media

Front 43

Which has a greater amount of innervation, arteries or veins?

Back 43

Arteries

Front 44

What is it called when arterial pressure is abnormally high? abnormally low?

Back 44

Hypertension; hypotension

Front 45

Blood pressure generally refers to _____ pressure.

Back 45

Arterial pressure (i.e., the pressure in the larger arteries)

Front 46

Blood pressure
1) What is it?
2) Why is blood pressure important?
3) What happens to the pressure of blood as it circulates through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and vens

Back 46

1) the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels
2) It is one of the principal vital signs.
3) pressure decreases

Front 47

Is arterial hypertension in itself an acute problem?

Back 47

No, but because of its long-term indirect effects, it is a serious problem.

Front 48

All levels of ________ pressure put mechanical stress on the _____ walls.

Back 48

arterial

Front 49

What does higher pressure do clinically to the body?

Back 49

Increases heart workload and progression of unhealthy tissue growth that develops within the walls of arteries

Front 50

What is an unhealthy tissue growth called?

Back 50

Atheroma

Front 51

What is one of the risk factors strokes, heart attacks, heart failure, arterial aneurysms, and chronic renal failture

Back 51

Persistent hypertension

Front 52

Even ________ leads to a shortened life expectancy!

Back 52

moderate elevation of arterial pressure

Front 53

Large elastic arteries
1) function?
2) Parts?
3) Characteristics

Back 53

1) help stabilize blood flow
2) include aorta and its branches
3) tunica intima-thicker
tunica media-yellow
tunica adventitia-underdeveloped

Front 54

What leads to a yellow color in tunica media in larger elastic arteries?

Back 54

Elastin

Front 55

What type of artery has a thicker tunica intima than in muscular arteries?

Back 55

Large elastic arteries

Front 56

What types of artery has an underdeveloped tunica adventitia?

Back 56

large elastic arteries

Front 57

What contributes to the important function of making the blood flux more uniform?

Back 57

several elastic laminae

Front 58

What happens during ventricular contraction?

Back 58

The elastic laminae of large arteries are stretched and reduce the pressure change

Front 59

What happens during ventricular relaxation?

Back 59

the pressure drops but the elastic arteries rebound to maintain pressure

Front 60

What artery carries blood from heart to brain?

Back 60

Carotid

Front 61

What are carotid bodies and what do they do?

Back 61

Chemoreceptors (glomus cell, or group of cells); sense changes in CO2 and O2 concentrations in blood; most nerves are afferent fibers (carry info. to CNS)

Front 62

What are enlarged areas of carotid arteries that contain baroreceptors?

Back 62

Sinuses

Front 63

What do sinsues detect?

Back 63

Blood pressure changes, and relay to CNS

Front 64

What is the function of medium (muscular) arteries?

Back 64

To deliver blood to organs

Front 65

Where are medium (muscular) arteries prominent?

Back 65

Internal elastic lamina

Front 66

What is unique about the tunica media in medium (muscular) arteries?

Back 66

It contains up to 40 layers of SM cells

Front 67

How does the intima of medium (muscular) arteries compare to elastic arteries?

Back 67

It's thinner

Front 68

What is another unique feature of medium (muscular) arteries?

Back 68

Vasa vasorum found in adventitia (composed of CT)

Front 69

Describe arterioles.
1) lumens
2) internal elastic lamina
3) media
4) adventitia

Back 69

1) narrow lumens (less than 0.5mm in diameter)
2) IEL may or may not be present; consists of a network of fibers that may not be visible at the LM level
3) Media has 1-3 layers of smooth muscle cells with occasional elastic fibers
4) Adventitia is a layer of loose CT with longitudinally arranged collagenous and elastic fibers; VERY THIN

Front 70

What is the smallest of the body's blood vessels?

Back 70

capillaries

Front 71

What is the diameter of capillaries?

Back 71

5-10um

Front 72

What are capillaries made of?

Back 72

single layer of enothelia tube

Front 73

What is the function of capillaries?

Back 73

To connect arterioles and venules; enable interchange of water, oxygen, CO2, nutrient and waste chemicals between blood and tissue

Front 74

Cells with long processes that surround the endothelial cells

Back 74

pericytes

Front 75

What is the importance of pericytes?

Back 75

contractile function
participate in repair process

Front 76

Transcellular openings in the endothelial membrane of some capillaries

Back 76

fenestrae

Front 77

What is fenestrae's main function?

Back 77

to provide a continuous channel from blood to tissue

Front 78

What takes places at venules?

Back 78

where deoxygenated blood returns from capillaries to veins to go back to the heart

Front 79

What are 3 main types of capillaries?

Back 79

Continuous
Fenstrated (visceal)
Discontinuous (sinusoidal)

Front 80

How are the 3 types of capillaries distinguished?

Back 80

defined based on continuity between endothelial cells and basal lamina

Front 81

Tissues with a rich capillary network, also have what feature? Give examples.

Back 81

high rate of metabolism; kidney, liver, cardiac, and skeletal muscle

Front 82

What two tissues have lesser developed capillary network

Back 82

smooth muscle and CT

Front 83

What accompanies muscular veins in sectioned tissue?

Back 83

Arterioles

Front 84

How can muscular veins be recognized?

Back 84

Thinner walls and irregular, collapsed lumen

Front 85

What is the order of vein types?

Back 85

venules < small < medium < large veins

Front 86

Near what part of the body are veins the largest

Back 86

close to the heart; they have a well-developed adventitia

Front 87

What are the three tunics of the heart?

Back 87

Endocardium (internal): homologous with tunica intima of vessels
Myocardium (middle): thickest of tunics; consists of cardiac muscle cells
Pericardium (External): serous membrane in which heart lies

Front 88

Which tunic of the heart is thickest?

Back 88

Myocardium

Front 89

What is the main function of the lymphatic vascular system?

Back 89

return the extracellular liquid (lymph) to the bloodstream

Front 90

How many directions and where does the lymphatic vascular system circulate?

Back 90

one direction; toward the heart

Front 91

How do lymphatic vessels differ from veins?

Back 91

They have thinner walls and they lack a clear separation between layers (intima, media, and adventitia)

Front 92

What is a unique feature of the lymphatic vascular system?

Back 92

It contains numerous internal valves

Front 93

What is atherosclerotic lesion?

Back 93

thickening of the tunica intima proliferation of SM cells; increased CT; and lipoproteins

Front 94

What are foam cells and how are they associated with athersclerotic lesions? How are they dangerous

Back 94

Foam cells are macrophages which take up lipids. These form when monocytes are attracted to athero. lesions
-they form plaques; if these plaques extend to tunica media, they can occlude vessel

Front 95

What are the two main regions of the respiratory system?

Back 95

the conducting portion and the respiratory portion

Front 96

What is the respiratory system?

Back 96

Includes lungs and tube system linking sites of gas exchange with external environment

Front 97

What are the parts of the conducting portion of the resp. system?

Back 97

nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi and bronchioles

Front 98

What are the parts of the respiratory portion of the resp. system?

Back 98

resp. bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Front 99

What are alveoli?

Back 99

sac-like structures making up major portion of lungs

Front 100

Where is the main site for gas exchange of O2 and CO2 between inspired air and blood?

Back 100

alveoli

Front 101

What is the function of the conducting portion?

Back 101

passage for air to travel to and from lungs and condition air

Front 102

What does the conducting portion have to aid with rigidity and flexibility?

Back 102

smooth muscle, cartilage, elastic and collagen fibers

Front 103

Respiratory epithelium and conducting portion

Back 103

lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar with lots of goblet cells

Front 104

What are the five cell types present in resp. epithelium?

Back 104

ciliated columnar cells
mucous goblet cells
brush cells
basal cells
small granule cells