Histology - Bone Marrow

Front 1

The total amount of circulating blood in men is ____ L; that in women, ___ L.

Back 1

Men : 5-6

Females : 4-5

Front 2

What are some plasma proteins?

Back 2

fibrinogens, globulins, and albumin, and a ground substance called serum.

Front 3

Bone marrow a highly vascularized tissue located where?

Back 3

medullary cavities of bones

Front 4

Blood and bone marrow derive embryonically from _______?

Back 4

Mesoderm

Front 5

Giemsa and Wright stains are superior for elucidating different blood cell types with a _________ _______ objective lens.

Back 5

oil immersion

Front 6

In a G&W stain, nuclei of leukocytes, with an affinity for basic dyes, stain what color?

Back 6

blue

Front 7

In a G&W stain, erythrocytes (RBCs) are typically what color?

Back 7

orange-red to pink,

Front 8

Poikilocytes are what type of RBCs

Back 8

RBCs with distorted shapes-occur in certain conditions

Front 9

To determine relative proportions of leukocytes, what test is obtained via a blood smear

Back 9

differential white blood count

Front 10

In the first few weeks of life, blood islands in the ____ ____ are the first signs of hematopoiesis

Back 10

yolk sac

Front 11

During fetal life until about two weeks after birth, blood cells form in which two organs?

Back 11

Liver and spleen

Front 12

- Number of RBC's and leukocytes
- Total amount of blood hemoglobin
- Hematocrit
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
- Platelet count

Back 12

The complete blood count (CBC)

Front 13

RBC's are initially nucleated in the human embryo until which week?

Back 13

Week 7

Front 14

What is the rouleaux?

Back 14

Loose rows of RBCs connected by their sticky surface.

Front 15

The biconcave shape provides a large surface area for which functions?

Back 15

- Transporting O2 from lungs to tissues
- Returning CO2 from tissues to lungs for elimination

Front 16

Sickle cell anemia

Back 16

- Autosomal recessive disorder
- Faulty synthesis of the B-globin chain of hemoglobin
- Current treatment alleviates symptoms, but mone marrow transplants may provide a cure.

Front 17

Neutrophils contain two different types of granules, what are they and what are their characteristics?

Back 17

- Specific granules
Stain faintly with neutral dyes
Contain bactericidal enzymes for receptor-mediated phagocytosis.
- Azurophilic granules
Stain reddish purple.
Primary lysosomes containing peroxidase and hydrolytic enzymes

Front 18

Lifespan and movement of a neutrophil

Back 18

After production by bone marrow, travel in blood supply for 8-12 hours.

They migrate through capillary and venule walls and persist for another 4 days.

Front 19

Neutrophil functions

Back 19

- Phagocytoses bacteria
- Increase in number in acute bacterial infections

Front 20

Neutropenia is an abnormal decrease in neutrophil numbers. What is it mainly caused by?

Back 20

- Autoimmune diseases
A common feature of AIDS virus

Front 21

Eosinophils typically show a diurnal pattern. When are their numbers larger?

Back 21

More eosinophils at night.

Lower numbers during the day

Front 22

What is the diameter of an eosinophil?

Back 22

12-15um

Front 23

Where are eosinophils commonly located?

Back 23

Mucosal connective tissues in respiratory and GI tracts.

Front 24

Movement and lifespan of an eosinophil?

Back 24

Circulate in blood supply for 6-8 hours.

Migrate to connective tissue and live for 8-10 days.

Front 25

Specific granules of eosinophils secrete what?

Back 25

- Histaminase
Inactivates histamine produced by basophils and mast cells.
-Various other hydrolytic enzymes

Front 26

How do specific granules of eosinophils appear?

Back 26

- Affinity for acid dyes.
- Uniform in size
- Highly refractive
- Crystalloid core
Highly refractile in light microscopy

Front 27

Eosinophilia is triggered in parasitic infestations, allergic reactions and malignancies. Specifically, what disease are they most central in...and how do they attack it.

Back 27

Central in controlling schistosomiasis.

-Kill parasitic larval helminths by releasing toxic molecules from the specific granules.

Front 28

How large are basophils in diameter?

Back 28

10-14um

Front 29

Function of eosinophils

Back 29

Phagocytoses antigen-antibody complexes and parasites.

Front 30

Function of basophil

Back 30

Involved in anticoagulation

Increases vascular permeability.

Front 31

Which cell most closely resembles a mast cell.

Back 31

Basophils.
- Larger and fewer granules than mast cells
- Granules have a metachromatic staining properties.
- Granules secrete histamine, heparin, platelet-activating and eosinophilic chemotactic factors

Front 32

Basophills originate in bone marrow _____ to mast cells.

Back 32

from cell precursors different from those of mast cells.

Front 33

Heparin does what in the body?

Back 33

Prevents blood coagulation

Front 34

Both mast cells and baophils have _____ receptors. What do they do?

Back 34

IgE receptors.

Bind IgE produced from plasma cells in connective tissue.

Front 35

Mild Basophilia can be a response to....

Back 35

- smallpox
- chickenpox
- influenza
- rheumatoid arthritis
- ulcerative colitis

Front 36

Malignant basophilia is associated with....

Back 36

Myeloproliferative disorders
Most common is chronic myeloid leukemia

Increased basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils and immature neutrophilic forms are increased.

Increased levels indicate worsening of disease.

Front 37

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as infectious mononucleosis, causes a rise in circulating __ _______ numbers in response to EBV infection of B cells.

Back 37

T lymphocyte

Front 38

What often occurs in infants and adolescents during infections that would likely produce a neutrophil response in adults.

Back 38

Lymphocytosis

Front 39

At 20%-40% of the leukocyte count, lymphocytes are the most numerous _________ leukocyte

Back 39

agranular

Front 40

In normal peripheral blood, __%-__% of lymphocytes are T cells, __%-__% are B cells, and the ___ are null cells, which lack both B and T cell markers

Back 40

- 60%-80%

- 10%-15%

- Rest

Front 41

T cell subpopulations defined by antigenic markers are _____

Back 41

- CD4+ (helper),
- CD8+ (suppressor),
- killer (cytotoxic)
- memory cells.

Front 42

Lymphocyte lifespan

Back 42

Few days to many years

Front 43

Characteristics of monocyte chromatin

Back 43

- Finely granular
- Pale stained
- Indented

Front 44

What color is a monocytes cytoplasm?

Back 44

bluish-gray

Front 45

What is contained in a monocytes cytoplasm

Back 45

- Scattered azurophilic granules bound to primary lysosomes.

- No specific granules

Front 46

This monocyte movement involves using pseudopodia.

Back 46

Diapedesis

Leaves the circulation to function in surrounding tissues

Front 47

Monocyte diameter ranges from ____ to ___

Back 47

12-20 um

Front 48

How long does a monocyte stay in the blood?

Back 48

1-3 days

Front 49

Two malignant diseases with extremely high monocyte counts

Back 49

- Hodgkins lymphoma
- Chronic myelomonic leukemia

Front 50

Monocytopenia characteristics and diseases

Back 50

- Low monocyte count due to:
- Hair cell leukemia
- AIDS
- Bone marrow failure

Front 51

Monocytosis is an abnormal rise in monocyte count above __ x 10^__ /L

Back 51

0.8 x 10^9 / L

Front 52

Platelets arise from which white blood cell? Where?

Back 52

- Megakaryocytes

- In bone marrow

Front 53

Platelet diameter

Back 53

2-4um

Front 54

Platelet count in normal human

Back 54

150-400 x 10^9 /L

Front 55

The platelet has two cytoplasmic regions. Describe

Back 55

Granulomere
- Central compact zone that stains blue to purple
Hyalomere
- Surrounds granulomere
- Pale blue homogeneous region

Front 56

What aids platelets in movement and contraction during blood clot formation.

Back 56

actin and myosin

Front 57

Hyalomere bundle of microtubules and cytoplasmic filaments under the cell membrane. What is its arrangement?

Back 57

circumferential

- Play a role in platelet shape and movement

Front 58

Membranous canaliculi in platelets have ______, which allow for discharge of _______ products during platelet activation

Back 58

Membranous canaliculi

secretory

Front 59

Central granulomere contains....

Back 59

- Small Golgi complex
- Elements of RER
- Few scattered mitochondria
- Glycogen deposits
- Various membrane-bound granules and lysosomes.

Front 60

Alpha granules in platelet cells

Back 60

Contain clotting substances.

Correspond to azurophilic granules

Front 61

Platelets produce all but the following for blood coagulation:

- von Willebrand factor
- thrombospondin
- fibrogenin
- platelet-derived growth factor

Back 61

- fibrogenin

Front 62

Thrombocytopenia

Back 62

- low platelet count

- Caused by
Radiation and chemotherapy
Autoimmune and viral diseases (such as lupus and HIV)

Front 63

Signs or symptoms of thrombocytopenia

Back 63

Bruising or severe bleeding

Front 64

Function of Neutrophil

Back 64

- Phagocytoses bacteria

- Increases in number in acute bacteria infection

- Specific granules contain bacterial enzymes for receptor-mediated phagocytosis

Front 65

Function of Eosinophil

Back 65

- Phagocytoses antigen-antibody complexes and parasites.

- Secretes histaminidase, which inactivates histamine produced by basophils and mast cells

- Elevated levels occur in parasitic infections (especially schistosomiasis) and allergic responses

Front 66

Function of Basophil

Back 66

- Involved in anticoagulation

- Increases vascular permeability.

- Releases histamine and heparin.

Front 67

Function of Monocytes

Back 67

- Motile

- Gives rise to macrophages

- Phagocytose and participate in areas of inflammation.

Front 68

Function of Lymphocyte

Back 68

- Acts in humoral (B cell) or cellular (T cell) immunity

Front 69

Function of Platelet

Back 69

- Promotes blood clotting

- Produce von Willebrand factor, thrombospondin, and platelet-derived growth factor.

- Plugs endothelial damage

Front 70

Function of Red Marrow

Back 70

Actively hematopoietic tissue

- Abundant in prenatal and young.

Front 71

Function of Yellow Marrow

Back 71

Relatively inactive and composed of adipocytes.

- Replacement of red marrow with yellow marrow begins around years 20-25.

Front 72

Venous sinusoids of bone marrow are thin walled with diameters of __-___ um.

Back 72

15-100 um in diameter

Front 73

This type of basal layer is either absent or discontinuous.

Back 73

basal lamina

Front 74

Adventitial reticular cells are modified ________.

Back 74

fibroblast cells

Front 75

Adventitial reticular cells produce the reticular fiber network that supports __________ cells.

Back 75

hematopoietic cells.

Front 76

Newly formed blood cells migrate across _____ to _____.

Back 76

sinusoid walls to enter the bloodstream

- Then enter large veins.

Front 77

Does bone marrow contain lymphatic tissue?

Back 77

No.

Front 78

______ _______ is a hematologic disorder caused by bone marrow failure.

Back 78

Aplastic anemia.

Front 79

Reduced count of all major blood cells of the erythroid and myeloid series.

Back 79

Pancytopenia

Front 80

Clinical signs of aplastic anemia

(BIL)

Back 80

- bruising or bleeding (low platelet count)

- infection (lower production of leukocytes)

- lethargy (reduced erythrocyte and hemoglobin values)

Front 81

Diagnosis and treatment of aplastic anemia

Back 81

Diagnosis - Bone marrow biopsy

Treatment - Bone marrow (stem cell) transplant with donor.

Front 82

Optimal site for aspiration and trephine biopsis is the ____ ______ ______.

Back 82

posterior iliac crest

Other sites: sternum and tibia

Front 83

Advantages of using blood smears.

Back 83

- Can detect differential counts, assessing ratio of myeloid to erythroid cells.

- Preservation of individual cells so that infiltration by malignant cells can be detected.

- Can detect anemias, leukemias, myeloma.

Front 84

Fixation in formalin, decalcification, section and staining the specimin follow this procedure.

Back 84

Trephine needle biopsy.

- Cuts out a solid core of bone marrow

Front 85

Trephine bone samples provide useful information in....

Back 85

- the panoramic view of bone marrow and its original architecture.

- Bone marrow cellularity, a proportion of hematopoietic cells to adipocytes.

Front 86

This type of transplantation is used in certain forms of lymphoma in which malignant cells contaminate marrow.

- Harvest bone marrow stem cells from a patient, followed with chemotherapy, and intravenous injection of reconstituted marrow

Back 86

Autologous transplantation

Front 87

A stem cell transplant from another person.

Back 87

Allogeneic transplant.

- Requires donor matching for the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) on chromosome 6.

Front 88

60-70% of differential count of white blood cells

Back 88

Neutrophil

Front 89

1-4% of differential count of white blood cells

Back 89

Eosinophil

Front 90

0-1% of differential count of white blood cells

Back 90

Basophil

Front 91

3-10% of differential count of white blood cells

Back 91

Monocytes

Front 92

20-40% of differential count of white blood cells

Back 92

Lymphocytes

Front 93

Number of RBC's per liter of blood in men and women

Back 93

Males: 5x10^12

Females: 4.5x10^12

Front 94

Number of Platelets per liter

Back 94

150-400 x 10^9

Front 95

Number of Leukocytes per liter

Back 95

5-10 x10^9

Front 96

In normal adults, _____ x 10^9 erythrocytes per kg are produced daily.

Back 96

2.5 x 10^9

Front 97

In normal adults, _____ x 10^9 granulocytes per kg are produced daily.

Back 97

1 x 10^9

Front 98

In normal adults, _____ x 10^9 platelets per kg are produced daily.

Back 98

2.5 x 10^9

Front 99

These stem cells have the capacity for asymmetric replication and derive all blood cells

Back 99

Pleuripotential stem cells

Front 100

Four types of progenitor cells.

Back 100

1. Colony-forming unit-erythrocytes (CFU-E)

2. Colony-forming unit-granulocyte-monocyte (CFU-GM)

3. Colony forming unit-lymphocytes (CFU-L)

4. Colony-forming unit-megakaryocytes (CFU-Me)

Front 101

Erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, interleukins (IL-1, IL3, IL-6, IL-11) and stem cell factors are involved in.....?

Back 101

Colony stimulation.

Front 102

Reticulocytes provide a rough estimate of the ______

Back 102

rate of erythropoiesis

Front 103

Erythropoietin is secreted by _____ ______ cells of the kidney, mostly in response to ____?

Back 103

interstitial peritubular cells of the kidney.

- in response to hypoxia

Front 104

Erythropoeisis takes how many days?

Back 104

7-8 days

Front 105

Maturation of granulocytes takes how many days?

Back 105

10-14 days

Front 106

A 'shift to the left' means what in regards to number of granulocytes?

Back 106

An increased number of granulocytes.

- A response to granulocytic leukemia

Front 107

_______ give rise to macrophages

Back 107

Monocytes

Front 108

A polyploid nucleus is typical in which cell?

Back 108

Megakaryocyte

Front 109

Platelets form by fragmentation along the ______ ____ channels in megakaryocytes

Back 109

platelet demarcation channels

Front 110

Proerythroblast diameter

Back 110

15-30 um

Front 111

Basophilic erythroblast diameter

Back 111

10-18 um

Front 112

Polychromatophlic erythroblast diameter

Back 112

10-12 um

Front 113

Orthochromatophilic erythroblast (aka late normoblast) diameter

Back 113

8-10 um

Front 114

erythrocyte diameter

Back 114

7-10 um

Front 115

Myeloblast diameter

Back 115

12-18 um

Front 116

Promyelocyte diameter

Back 116

15-25 um

Front 117

Myelocyte diameter

Back 117

15-18 um

Front 118

Metamyelocyte diameter

Back 118

12 um

Front 119

Band (stab or juvenille cells) diameter

Back 119

10 um

Front 120

Mature granulocytes are immediately derived from what precursor?

Back 120

Juvenille granulocytes (aka band or stab cells)

Front 121

Large lymphoblast diameter

Back 121

15-20 um

Front 122

Prolymphocyte migration

Back 122

- Enter bloodstream early.

- Remain in bone marrow and differentiate into B cells

- Travel to thymus in prenatal and early years and differentiate into T cells

Front 123

Megakaryoblast diameter

Back 123

50 um

Front 124

Megakaryocyte diameter

Back 124

30-100um