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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of tissue is blood?
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Connective tissue
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What element forms this tissue? (Blood)
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Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets and a fluid component called plasma.
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What is the volume of blood in an average human?
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Approximately 5 L.
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What is the main function of the blood?
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Transport nutrients, waste products, hormones, proteins, ions and so on. Also regulates the body temperature and assist in regulation of osmotic and acidbase balance.
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How are the blood cells replace due to the short life span?
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A process called hemopoiesis.
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What does plasma consist of?
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90% water, 9% organic compounds (proteins, aminoacids and hormones) and 1% inorganic salts.
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What are the main plasma proteins?
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Albumin, y-globulins, alfa&beta globulins, fibrinogen & complement proteins.
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Main action of albumin?
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Preserves osmotic pressure, helps in transport.
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What is fibrinogen converted into during blood clotting?
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Fibrin
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What is the complement proteins?
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C1-C9, part of the innate immune system.
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What is complement proteins function?
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Non specific host defense and initiate the inflammatory process.
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What is serum?
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Yellowish fluid that remains after blood has clotted.
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Whats the difference between serum and plasma?
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Serum lacks fibrinogen and clotting factors.
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Severeal cytoskeletal proteins maintains the shape of RBCs - names?
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Ankyrin, band 4.1, and band 3 proteinss, spectrin and actin.
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What does the mature erythrocyte possess?
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No organelles but are filled with hemoglobin (hb)+ Soluble enzymes.
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Soluble enzymes in RBC is responsible for?
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the hexos monophosphate pathway and the production of ATP.
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What is the hematocrit?
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Estimation of the volume of packed erythrocytes per unit volume of blood.
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What are the normal hematocrit values in Adult men?
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40 to 50 %
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What are the normal hematocrit values in Adult women?
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35 – 45%
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What is HB composed of?
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Four polypeptide chains each covalently linked to a heme group.
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How does the HB chains differ?
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In its amino acid sequence.
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What is the predominant form of adult Hb?
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HbA1
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The minor form of HB - name?
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HbA2
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How does erythrocytes containing HbS cause?
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They are sickle shaped and fragile and they cause sickle cell anemia.
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What important transport does the erythrocytes take care of?
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Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from tissues of the bodies.
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What is nitric oxide?
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A neurotransmitter substance.
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What does nitric oxide facilitate?
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It bind to Hb and in poor oxygen areas facilitate dilation of blood vessels and more efficacious exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide.
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Another name for leukocytes?.
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White blood cells (WBC’s)
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What is azurophilic granules?
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It is lysosomes containing various hydrolytic enzymes.
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Type of leukocytes ? 2
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Granulocytes and Agranulocytes.
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What types of granulocytes? 3
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Neutrophls, eosinophils and basophils.
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Two ways for neutrophils to destroy phagocytosed microorganisms?
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(1) Azurophilic granules releases hydrolytic enzymes into phagosomes to destroy microorganisms
.(2) reactive oxygen compounds superoxide, hydrogen peroxide H2O2, and hypochlorous acid (HOCL) formed with phagosomes destroy microorganism. |
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What characterize Agranulocytes?
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Lack specific granules.
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Types of Agranulocytes? 2
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Lymphocytes and monocytes.
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What three categories of lymphocytes is there?
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B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and null cells.
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What are T lymphocytes responsible of?
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Cellular immune response.
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Two types of null cells?
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Pluripotential hemopietic stem cells(PHSCs) and natural killer (NK)cells.
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How many percent of the lymphocytes represent null cells?
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5 %
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How does null cells differ from lymphocytes?
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They resemble but lack their characteristic surface determinants.
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What is platelets?
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Anucleated disk-shaped cell fragments.
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Where do platelets arise from?
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Megakaryocytes in bone marrow.
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The two regions of platelets
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hyalomere - A peripheral region
granulomere - and a region containing purple granules (lysosomes) |
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What are platlets surrounded by?
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By a glycocalyx, which coats the plasmalemma.
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What increases the stickness and enhance platelet adherens?
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Calcium ions and ADP.
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What are platelet function?
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Functions in blood coagulation by aggregating at lesions in vessel walls and producing various factors that aid in clot formation. Also responsible for clot retraction and contribute to clot removal.
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How many plasma proteins need to be activated for blood coag.?
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At least 13 plasma proteins – coagulation factors.
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What is also required for blood coagulation?
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Platelet membranes and ca2+ (factor IV).
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What are the two interrelated pathways of blood coagulation?
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Intrinsic and extrinsic pathwayas.
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What is the final step in both Intrinsic and extrinsic pathwayas.?
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The transformation of prothrombin to thrombin.
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What is thrombin?
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An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen (factor I) to fibrin monomers – coalesce to form a reticulum of clot.
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extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation Occurs ?
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Occurs in response to damaged blood vessels – rapid onset – releases tissue thromboplastin (factor 3)
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How is intrinsic pathways initiated (of blood coagulation)?
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Within several minutes (slow onset) after trauma to blood vessels or when platelets or
factor XII are exposed to collagen in the vessel wall. |
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Which factors does intrinsic pathway depend on?
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Von Willebrand factor and factor VIII.
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What does Von Willebrand factor and factor VIII factors do?
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Form a complex that binds tosubendothelial collagen and to receptors on platelet membranes. – thus promoting platelet aggregation and adherence to collagen in vessel wall.
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Where is red marrow located?
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In the epiphyses of long bones and in flat irregular and short bones.
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What is red marrow composed of?
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Of a stroma, irregular sinusoids and islands of hemopoietic cells.
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red marrow is the site of?
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Blood cell differentiation and maturation.
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What does stromal cells include?
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1 macrophages,
2 adventitial reticular cells, 3 fibroblasts, 4 endothelial cells and 5. adipocytes |
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What does stromal cells do?
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Produce and release various hemopoietic growth factors.
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Where is macrophages located?
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In extravascular areas near sinusoids and extend processes between endothelial cells into sinusoidal lumina.
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What three classes of cells are involved with postnatal hemopoiesis?
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Stem cells ,Progenitor cells, Precursors cells.
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Where are stem cells present?
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In circulation (as null cells) and in bone marrow.
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Progenitor cells have?
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reduced potentiality and are committed to a single cell lineage.
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What do Progenitor cells proliferate and differentiate into?
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Precursor cells in the presence of appropriate growth factors.
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Two types of multipotential hemopoietic stem cells:
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(1)colony-forming unit(CFU-GEMM or -S) – granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte, megakaryocyte
(2) Colony-forming unit–lymphocytes: CFU-Ly |
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Where do multipotential hemopoietic stem cells cells divide and what do they differentiate to?
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In bone marrow and into progenitor cells.
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CFU-GEMM also called?
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Myeloid stem cell
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What does hox-1 and hox-2 genes do?
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Hox – 2 are probably active in the early stages of differentiation of the erythroid lines and
hox 1 genes may be active in the early stages of differentiation of granulocytes, monocytes and platlets. |
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What does the lymphoid stem cells give rise to?(CFU-Ly)
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T and B lymphocytes and NK cells.
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What to types of progenitor cells forms in the beginning of eryhropoiesis?
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burst-forming unit-erythroid, BFU-E, derived from CFU-S,
colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E), which arises from BFU-E. |
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What does BFU-e response to?
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Has High rate of miotic activity and response to high concentrations of erythropoietin(EPO)
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What does CFU-E respond to?
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Low concentration of erythropoietin.(EPO)
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What is hemopoiesis modulated by?
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Several growth factors and cytokines, including CSFs stem cell factor (steel factor), interleukins and macrophage inhibiting protein alfa.
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What effects can hemopoiesis growth factors have?(4)
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control of miotic rate,
enhancement of cell survival, control of the number of times the cell divide before they differentiate, promotion and cell differentiation. |
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What happens to hemopoietic stem cells that do not contact GF?
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Enter apoptosis and are eliminated by macrophages.
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What are located on the external surface of erythrocytes plasmalemma?
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Carbohydrate - determinants for the A, B and O blood groups
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How does RBCs look?,
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Round, anucleate, biconcave cells
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How does aged RBCs look like?,
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Fragile and express membrane surface oligosaccharides
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By whom are aged RBCs recognized?,
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Splenic, hepatic and bone marrow macrophages, which destroys them
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1. Which of the following proteins
associated with the erythrocyte plasma membrane is responsible for maintaining the cell’s biconcave disk shape? (A) HbA1 (B) HbA2 (C) Porphyrin (D) Spectrin (E) -Actinin |
1. D. Spectrin is associated with the erythrocyte cell membrane and assists in maintaining
its biconcave disk shape (see Chapter 10 II B). |
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1. Which of the following proteins
associated with the erythrocyte plasma membrane is responsible for maintaining the cell’s biconcave disk shape? (A) HbA1 (B) HbA2 (C) Porphyrin (D) Spectrin (E) -Actinin |
2. B. Lymphocytes are immunocompetent cells (see Chapter 10 VI G).
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3. Which of the following is derived form
CFU-Meg? (A) Red blood cell (B) Lymphocyte (C) Platelet (D) Neutrophil (E) Basophil |
3. C. Platelets are derived from CFU-Meg (see Chapter 10 VI F).
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4. Which of the following is derived from
CFU-E? (A) Red blood cell (B) Lymphocyte (C) Platelet (D) Neutrophil (E) Basophil |
4. A. Red blood cells are derived from CFU-E (see Chapter 10 VI C).
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5. Which of the following is derived form
CFU-GM? (A) Red blood cell (B) Lymphocyte (C) Platelet (D) Neutrophil (E) Basophil |
5. D. Neutrophils are derived from CFU-GM (see Chapter 10 VI D).
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6. Which of the following is associated with
demarcation channels? (A) Red blood cell (B) Lymphocyte (C) Platelet (D) Neutrophil (E) Basophil |
6. C. Platelets are derived from megakaryocytes, and those cells possess demarcation channels
(see Chapter 10 VI F). |
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7. Which of the following is derived from
myeloblasts? (A) Red blood cell (B) Lymphocyte (C) Platelet (D) Monocyte (E) Basophil |
7. E. Basophils are derived from myeloblasts (see Chapter 10 VI D).
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8. Which one of the following cells is associated
with antibody production? (A) Red blood cell (B) Lymphocyte (C) Monocyte (D) Neutrophil (E) Basophil |
8. C. Lymphocytes and plasma cells manufacture antibodies (see Chapter 10 VI G).
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9. Which of the following possesses specific
and azurophilic granules? (A) Red blood cell (B) Lymphocyte (C) Platelet (D) Neutrophil (E) Monocyte |
9. D. Neutrophils possess both azurophilic and specific granules (see Chapter 10 II B 2).
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10. Which of the following is derived from
reticulocytes? (A) Red blood cell (B) Lymphocyte (C) Platelet (D) Neutrophil (E) Basophil |
10. A. Red blood cells are derived from reticulocytes (see Table 10.5).
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1. A patient with a sickle cell anemia has a point mutation in which the amino acid
valine is incorporated into the chain instead of: A. glutamate B. tyrosine C. glycine D. proline E. lysine |
A. glutamate
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2. Indicate a FALSE statement concerning granulocytes and agranulocytes.
A. Granulocytes have specific granules in their cytoplasm B. Agranulocytes lack specific granules C. Granulocytes have nonspecific granules in their cytoplasm D. Agranulocytes lack nonspecific granules in their cytoplasm E. Nonspecific granules are lysosomes |
D. Agranulocytes lack nonspecific granules in their cytoplasm
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name the percentage of the 5 leukocytes
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Eosinophils: 2-4%
Basophils : <1% Neutrophils : 60-70% Lymphocytes: 20-40% Monocytes: 3-8% |
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4. Which of these can be found in the granules of eosinophils?
1-histamine, 2-heparine, 3-neutrophil chemotactic factor, 4-neutral proteases, 5- peroxidase, 6-chondroitin sulfate, 7-lysozyme A. All of these B. All of these except 7 C. All of them except 5,6,7 D. None of these E. Only 5 |
E. Only 5
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5. Which of these are released from injured endothelial cells?
1-prostacyclins, 2-NO, 3-von Willebrand factor, 4-thrombomodulin, 5-heparin-like molecule, 6-endothelin, 7-tissue thromboplastin A. all of these B. 3,4,6,7 C. 1,2,3 D. 3,6,7 E. 1,2,4,5 |
D. 3,6,7
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6. What are the components of hyalomere?
1-microtubules, 2-lysosomes, 3-mitochondria, 4-glycogen deposits, 5-actin and myosin, 6-surface opening tubules, 7-dense tubular system A. all of these B. 1,2,3,4,5 C. 1,5,6,7 D. 2,3,4 E. 1,2,6,7 |
C. 1,5,6,7
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What are the stages of thrombocytopoiesis (platelets formation)?
(quiz fråga) |
The progenitor CFU-Me arises from CFU-S, CFU-Me differentiates into a single precursor cell = the megakaryoblast, and the mature megakaryocyte, which remains in the bone marrow and sheds platelets.
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What are the morphological differences between myelocyte and metamyelocyte(quiz fråga)
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Myelocyte:nucleus oval or flattened on one
side Metamyelocyte:nucleus kidney-shaped |
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What are the characteristic morphological features of megakaryocytes?(quiz fråga)
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10 to 15 times larger than a typical red blood cell, averaging 50-100 μm in diameter
1 nucleus |
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What is the function of growth factors in hematopoiesis? (quiz fråga)
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that promote the proliferation of blood cells.
ex. Erythropoietin(epo) is required for a myeloid progenitor cell to become an erythrocyte |
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What is the morphology of a lymphocytes?(quiz fråga)
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Diameter 7 – 9 μm (similar to RBCs)
Large nucleus and a thin rim of cytoplasm |
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What is the function of B lymphocytes? (quiz fråga)
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humoral response (adaptive)
The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, to perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and to develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction |
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Erythropoiesis (RBC formation)
Summary of events: |
• Reduction of cell size
• Condensation of chromatin and ejection of nucleus • Accumulation of hemoglobin • Decrease in RNA content • Change in staining (from basophilic to acidophilic) • Loss of the ability to proliferate |
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Gamma-Globulins are
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antibodies (immunoglobulins)
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Alfa Globulins and beta globulins do what?
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transport metal ions (e.g., iron and copper) and lipids (in the form of lipoproteins).
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chloride shift is what?
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when HCO3- (Bicarbonate) leaves the RBC a cl- is taken up by the RBC to maintain
electrical equilibrium. |
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Neutrophils Main function
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Phagocytose, kill, and digest bacteria
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Eosinophils Main function
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Moderate inflammatory reactions by inactivating histamine and leukotriene C
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Basophils Main function
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Mediate inflammatory responses in a manner similar to mast cells
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Monocytes Main function
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Become macrophages in connective tissue
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T Lymphocytes Main function
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Generate cell-mediated immune response,
secrete numerous + growth factors |
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B Lymphocytes Main function
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Generate humoral immune response
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Another Word for Platelets
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thrombocytes
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Initial steps in blood formation (stem cells)
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PHSCs (pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells) give rise to multipotential hemopoietic
stem cells in the bone marrow. |
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Name main factors for
1.extrinsic pathways 2.intrinsic pathways (Blood coagulation) |
1.tissue thromboplastin (factor III).
2.von Willebrand factor and factor VIII. |
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Fill in the gaps:
intrinsic pathways can be initiated when 1 and/or 2 are exposed to 3 in the vessel wall |
1.platelets
2.factor XII 3.collagen |
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Yellow marrow is located where? Has a lot of?
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in the long bones of adults and is highly infiltrated with fat. It is not hemopoietic, but it has the potential to become so if necessary
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Sinusoids are what?
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large vessels with highly attenuated (very thin) endothelia.
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2. Choose a correct order of the stages of granulocytopoiesis: 1. Myelocyte, 2. Metamyelocyte, 3. Myeloblast, 4.Promyelocyte, 5. Granulocyte
A. 1-2-5-4-3 B. 3-4-1-2-5 C. 3-4-5-2-1 D. 5-2-3-1-4 E. 4-3-1-2-5 |
B. 3-4-1-2-5
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4. Which of these can inhibit platelet aggregation? 1-prostacyclin, 2-NO, 3-von Willebrand factor, 4-thrombomodulin, 5-heparin-like molecule
A. all of these B. only 1 C. 1,2,3 D. 3,4,5 E. 1,2,4,5 |
A. all of these
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5. Which from the following do NOT characterize neutrophiles?
1. Multilobed nucleus 2. Plasmalemma possessing receptors for IgG 3. 9-12μm in diameter 4. Ability to proliferation 5. Ability to diapedesis |
4. Ability to proliferation
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