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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three regions of the nasal cavity?
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1. Cutaneous
2. Respiratory 3. Olfactory |
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What are the 3 regions of the cutaneous region of the nasal cavity?
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1. rostral nasal vestibule
2. mid-vestibule 3. transitional zone (caudal) |
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What epithelium lines the rostral cutaneous region (nasal vestibule)?
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strat squamous keratinized
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What epithelium lines the mid-vestibule cutaneous region of the nasal cavity?
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thinner, non-keratinized
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Caudally, the transitional zone of the nasal cavity is lined by what kind of epithelium?
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stratified cuboidal OR nonciliated pseudostratified epithelium
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The propria-submucosa of the cutaneous region of the nasal cavity contains what? (5)
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1. blood vessels
2. nerves 3. lymphocytes 4. plasma cells 5. macrophages |
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What species has a nasal diverticulum and what does the lining integument contain? (3)
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Horses.
"false nostril" 1. hairs 2. sebaceous glands 3. sweat glands |
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What region of the nasal cavity is considered the respiratory region?
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caudal 2/3 of the nasal cavity
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What epithelium lines the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
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pseudostratified columnar
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What 4 cells does the epithelium of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity contain?
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1. Ciliated (w/ motile cilia or numerous microvilli)
2. Secretory (serous or mucous/goblet) 3. Brush cells (thick microvilli assoc w/ sensory rec) 4. Basal cells |
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The propria-submucosa of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity contains what 4 things?
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1. cavernous stratum (vascular)
2. serous or mixed nasal glands 3. nerves 4. lymphatic nodules |
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What is the dorsocaudal portion of the nasal cavity called?
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Olfactory region
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What is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity occupied by?
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ethmoidal labyrinth
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What is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity lined by?
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ciliated pseudostrat columnar epithelium
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What 3 cells does the olfactory region of the nasal cavity contain?
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1. neurosensory olfactory cells (bipolar cells)
2. sustentacular cells (columnar) 3. basal cells |
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Tell me about the neurosensory olfactory cells in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
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1. dendrites --> lumen
2. axons --> olfactory bulb |
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What is present in the propria-submucosa of the olfactory region?
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mixed olfactory glands
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What is a paired duct located on either side of the base of the nasal septum?
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Vomeronasal organ
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What does the vomeronasal organ open into?
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the incisive duct
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What shape is the vomeronasal duct?
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crescent-shaped
medial concave & lateral convex mucosa |
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The medial psuedostratified columnar epithelium of the vomeronasal organ contains what 3 cells?
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1. neurosensory
2. sustentacular 3. basal cells |
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The lateral pseudostrat columnar epithelium of the vomeronasal organ contains what 3 cells?
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1. cil & non-ciliated columnar cells
2. goblet cells 3. basal cells |
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The propria-submucosa of the vomeronasal organ contains what 2 things?
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1. glands (mucous or mixed)
2. hyaline cartilage |
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What is the vomeronasal organ's function?
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sexual behavior; detects odors of the opposite sex
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The nasopharynx is lined by what epithelium?
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psuedostrat ciliated columnar w/ goblet cells
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The propria-submucosa of the nasopharynx is composed of what 2 things?
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loose CT containing glands
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What is present in the dorsal portion of the nasopharynx?
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lymphatic nodules = pharyngeal tonsil
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Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?
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dorsal nasopharynx
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The laryngeal mucosa is lined by what kind of epithelium?
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strat squamous non-keratinized --> typical resp epithelium
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Where does the laryngeal mucosa change from strat squamous non-keratinized to typical respiratory epithelium?
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Caudal to the vocal fold.
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Where might the laryngeal epithelium contain taste buds?
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Over the epiglottis
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What 4 things is the laryngeal propria-submucosa rich in?
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1. elastic fibers
2. WBCs 3. plasma cells 4. mast cells |
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What kind of lymphatic tissue might be observed in the laryngeal propria-submucosa?
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Diffuse lymphatic tissues or solitary lymphatic nodules.
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Where might mixed glands be present in the propria-submucosa of the larynx?
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caudal part
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Thyroid & cricoid cartilages =
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hyaline
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Epiglottic & cuneiform process of the arytenoid cartilage =
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elastic cartilage
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The trachea is lined by what kind of epithelium?
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psuedostrat ciliated columnar
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What type of pyramidal-shaped cells are abundant in the trachea of young animals?
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neuroendocrine cells
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How are neuroendocrine cells identified?
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by histochemical methods
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What 3 types of migratory cells are observed in the tracheal epithelium?
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1. lymphocytes
2. globular WBCs 3. mast cells |
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The propria-submucosa of the trachea consists of what?
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loose CT & a subepithelial layer of elastic fibers.
It contains tubuloacinar seromucous glands. |
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What kind of glands are located in the tracheal propria-submucosa?
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tubuloacinar seromucous glands
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The dorsal free ends of the tracheal cartilages are bridged by what?
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smooth muscle
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What is the difference in the smooth muscle bridging tracheal cartilages in different species?
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external in carnivores; internal in other domestics
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The lungs are covered by what kind of pleura?
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visceral or pulmonary
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What does the visceral/pulmonary pleura consist of?
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simple squamous epithelium & a layer of CT
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What is the CT of the visceral/pulmonary pleura continuous with?
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that of the interalveolar septa
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The pulmonary pleura is thickest in what species?
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ruminants; thinnest in the dog and cat.
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The lung is divided into what two areas?
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1. Intrapulmonary conducting airways
2. Gas exchange area |
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The intrapulmonary conducting airways are ...?
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bronchi & bronchioles
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The gas exchange area consists of what 4 things?
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1. respiratory bronchioles
2. alveolar ducts 3. alveolar sacs 4. alveoli |
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The bronchi are subdivided into what 3 regions?
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primary, lobar, segmental bronchi
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What are bronchi lined by?
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar w/ goblet cells
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What happens proximodistally in the bronchi?
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Epithelial height and number of goblet cells decrease whereas CLARA CELLS (exocrine gland) increase in number.
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The propria-submucosa of the bronchi contains...?
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loose CT w/ submucosal glands (these decrease distally)
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Tell me about the hyaline cartilage in bronchi?
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It's in the form of irregular plates w/ smooth muscle interspersed between them.
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What happens proximodistally to the bronchial cartilage?
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Cartilages decrease whereas smooth muscle increases.
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What is the tunica adventitia of the bronchi comprised of?
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loose CT w/ collagen & elastic fibers
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What do the bronchioles terminate as?
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terminal bronchioles
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The bronchioles are lined w/ what?
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simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium w/ ciliated & Clara cells
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The propria-submucosa of bronchioles consist of ...
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sparse loose CT
Cartilage & glands are absent!! The circularly arranged smooth muscle contains nerve fibers bw muscles. |
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What is absent in the propria-submucosa of the bronchioles?
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cartilage and glands!
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What is the tunica adventitia like in bronchioles?
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loose CT w/ circularly arranged elastic fibers
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What is the gas exchange area (parenchyma) comprised of? (3)
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1. respiratory bronchioles
2. alveolar ducts & alveolar sacs 3. alveoli |
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What are respiratory bronchioles also called?
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transition zone
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Where is the focus of most lung disorders?
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respiratory bronchioles/transition zone
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What is the difference between the epithelium of terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles?
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Respiratory bronchioles' epithelium is interrupted by alveoli.
Smooth muscle bundles are present beneath the epithelium. |
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What is the species difference of respiratory bronchioles?
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Carnivores: they are extensive
Horse/Cow/Pig: short or absent |
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What do alveolar ducts arise from?
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from respiratory bronchioles
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What do alveolar ducts terminate in?
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clusters of alveoli called alveolar sac
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Alveolar ducts/sacs are lined by what epithelium?
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simple cuboidal or squamous
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The subepithelial CT of alveolar ducts/sacs contain ...
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smooth muscle cells & very few elastic fibers
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Alveolar epithelial lining presents what two cell types:
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1. type I
2. type II |
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What % is Type I cells?
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95%
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What % is Type II cells?
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5%
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Structure of Type I cells
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squamous epithelial cell
central nucleus anchored to a continuous basal lamina |
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Structure of Type II cells
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granular alveolar cell
cuboidal microvilli |
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What are Type II cells responsible for?
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surfactant
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What are pulmonary macrophages derived from?
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monocytes
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Where are pulmonary macrophages located?
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alveolar lumen
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Interalveolar CT consists of what 7 things?
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1. capillary plexus
2. fibrocytes 3. pericytes 4. lymphocytes 5. plasma cells 6. collagen fibers 7. elastic fibers |
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The air-blood barrier is composed of 4 things?
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1. pneumocyte I cell
2. basal lamina of pneumocyte I cell & basal lamina of cap endothelial cells (separated by sparse CT) 3. capillary endothelial cell 4. plasmalemma of an RBC |
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The nasal cavity of the avian is lined by what types of epithelia?
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Same as mammals.
1. strat squamous epithelium rostrally 2. olfactory epithelium dorsocaudally 3. respiratory epithelial lining for most of the remaining areas |
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What is unique about the avian trachea?
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1. cartilaginous rings are complete
2. numerous intraepithelial glands |
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What is the syrinx?
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at the junction of trachea & bronchi
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What are the tympanic membranes lined by?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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What is the function of tympanic membranes?
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they vibrate during sound production
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What is weird about avian lungs?
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They are small and DO NOT CHANGE VOLUME during respiration
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How many air sacs do birds have?
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8
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Which air sacs are unpaired?
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cerivcal & clavicular
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What air sacs are paired?
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cranial thoracic
caudal thoracic abdominal |
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Air sacs are lined by ?
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simple squamous or cuboidal epithelium
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Are air sacs well vascularized? Do they participate in gaseous exchange?
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No. No.
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