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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tensile forces are resisted by fibers of the tough, inelastic protein called...
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Collagen
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This family of proteins is very abundant, and constitutes about 20% of all the proteins in the body.
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Collagen
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These fibers are flexible
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Collagen
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The most resistant product that we possess
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Collagen
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Two Types of Collagen
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Type 1, Type 2
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Where is Type 1 Collagen located?
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Dermis
Tendon Ligaments Capsules of Organs Bone |
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Where is Type 2 Collagen located?
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- matrices of hyaline
- elastic cartilage |
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How is Type 2 Collagen made?
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synthesized by chondroblasts
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What is a keloid?
Due to... |
- a hypertrophic scar with mainly type 1 and II collagen
- due to excessive scar tissue and inaccurate healing where excessive collagen is laid down |
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Other clinical correlations of keloid:
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- Scurvy and Vitamin C deficiency
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___ and ___ are both specialized connective tissue
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Cartilage and Bone
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Supportive connective tissue contains a rigid or semi-rigid matrix that enables: ______
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tissues to withstand great amounts of pressure and tension
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3 different kinds of cartilage are:
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- Hyaline
- Elastic - Fibrocartilage |
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___ is avascular tissue and relies on diffusion of nutrients through the matrix.
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Cartilage
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What is the most common cartilage in the body?
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Hyaline Cartilage
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What does hyaline cartilage contain?
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Type 2 Collagen
homogenous matrix (uniform) |
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How does hyaline cartllage appear?
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Clear, Glassy
** Deposition of proteins stains pink |
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What are chondrocytes (Ch)?
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They are cartilage cells
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What do chondrocyes produce?
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The matrix
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What does the cartilage matrix contain?
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Contains collagenous fibrils masked by ground substance (non cellular components of the ECF) in which they are embedded
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What is something unique about the histology of chondrocytes?
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They have a large prominent nucleus with a prominent nucleolus.
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Surrounding the cartilage and in immediate apposition to the chondrocytes is___, which is...
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- perichondrium which is a cover of CT
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Where is the perichondrium found/ not found?
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- found in most places (elastic cartilage)
- NOT found in articular cartilages (cartilage covering bones) and epiphysis (round end of a long bone), and fibrocartilage |
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A malignant cancer of chondrocytes would be called:
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chondrosarcoma
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Classical Uniformity is also known as a:
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Homogenous Matrix
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Where is hyalin cartilage found?
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- larynx
- trachea - bronchi - articular ends of the ribs and synovial joints - constitutes much of the fetal skeleton and plays an important role of the growth of most bones |
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In the lungs, the bronchi are lined by:
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- pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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In CT, beneath epithelium are:
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plates of hyaline cartilage
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Elastic Cartilage consists of:
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Elastic fibers
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Elastic fibers are located:
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- in the matrix between the chondrocytes
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___ are located in the matrix between the chondrocytes and must be demonstrated by special stains.
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- Elastic fibers
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Like Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage is encased with:
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Perichondrium
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Elastic cartilage consists of:
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Type 2 Collagen
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Elastic cartilage is located in the:
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- pinna of the ear
- the walls of the auditory canal - auditroy tube - epiglottis |
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Elastic cartilage does NOT normally___.
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calcify (doesn't not become bone)
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The epiglottis contains is made of ___ cartilage:
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Elastic
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An inflamed epiglottis is called:
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Epiglotitis
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If you have epiglotitis due to a virus, it will cause:
what kind of virus causes this? |
croup
- paramyxovirus |
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If you have epiglottitis due to a bacteria, it causes a problem which is:
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in kids and blocks the airway;
THIS CAN BE FATAL |
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___ is a combination of dense connective tissue and cartilage
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Fibrocartilage
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Where can fibrocartilage be found?
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in intervertebral
- symphysis pubis - knee joint - mandibular joint - sternoclavicular joint - shoulder joint |
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____ is associated with sites where resilience is required in dense CT to help absorb sudden physical impact.
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- fibrocartilage
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___ is usually identified by the presence of aggregates of rounded cartilage cells among bundles of collagen fibers
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- fibrocartilage
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One unique feature of fibrocartilage is that it does not have ___.
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perichondrium
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When cartilage fails to calcify, pts may have____.
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Rickets
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____ is the softening of bones in children.
What can this lead to? |
Rickets
leads of fractures and heart deformity |
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Disease in children who are vitamin D deficient.
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Rickets
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Without Vitamin D, the intestinal mucosa cannot ___.
This results in: |
absorb Ca2+
- disturbances in ossification of the epiphyseal cartilages, etc, giving rise to poorly calcified bone matrix |
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What is it called when you have a weakness of cartilage?
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- Ehler- Danlos syndrome
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When you have Brittle- Bone Disease, you are...
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Very prone to fractures
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Brittle Bone disease is frequently thought to be caused by:
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Child Abuse
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How does one get Osteogenesis Imperfecta?
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- It is caused by a defect/ mutation in Type I collagen.
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Blue Eyed Sclera
Affiliated with: |
When the whites of your eyes have a bluish tint; the white tissue that is normally thick, is now thin
- Brittle Bone Disease |
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Fx of the digestive tract:
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- obtain the molecules necessary for growth, and energy from ingested food
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Large molecules (proteins, fats, complex carbohydrates and nucleic acids are broken down and absorbed through:
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The lining of the GIT (mainly the small bowel.
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The inner layer of the digestive tract serves as:
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a protective barrier between the content of the tract's lumen and the internal milieu of the body.
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What are the 4 principal layers of the GIT?
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- mucosa
- submucosa - muscularis propria - serosa |
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What does the GIT mucosa consist of?
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- epi lining
- lamina propria of loose connective tissure - muscularis mucosae of smooth muscle |
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What does the GIT submucosa consist of?
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- dense CT w/ many blood and lymph vessels
- submucosal (Meisnner's) nerve plexus (may: glands and lymphoid tissue) |
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What layer of the GIT contains:
smooth muscle cells divided into 2 sublayers? |
Muscularis Propria
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What are the sublayers of the Muscularis Propria?
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- internal sublayer (close to the lumen)
- external sublayer (mostly longitudinal) |
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The muscularis propria contains ____
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myenteric plexus (Auerbach's) nerve plexus
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The ____ is a layer of loose CT rich in blood and lyph vessels and adipose tissue and a simple squamous covering epi.
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serosa
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What do mesenteries do?
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They support the intestine
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Thin membranes covering the mesothelium on both sides (in the serosa) are:
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Mesenteries
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Inflammation of the serosa:
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Serositis
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What is Hirschsprung Disease?
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- it cuases constipation in babies
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Occurs because the ganglion cells of the GI tract do not migrate and neuroplexus is needed for peristalsis.
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Hirschsprung Disease
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What is Burkitt's Lymphoma caused by?
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Caused by EBV; Fount in Africa; 3 types: found in jaw, small bowel.
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What is the main fx of the epi lining in the GIT?
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- provides a selectively permeable barrier between the contents of the GIT and the tissues of the body
- facilitates the transport and digestion of food and promotes the absorption of the pdts of this digestion |
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___ is present in the respiratory and digestive tracts
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IgA
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___ is a muscular tube about 25 cm in length
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Esophagus
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Extends from the pharynx to the gastroesophageal jx.
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Esophagus
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Fx of Esophagus:
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- conduct food and fluids from the pharynx to the stomach and to prevent reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus
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What is the esophagus covered by?
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nonkeratinized stratified squamous epi
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The lower third of the eso is comprised of:
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smooth muscle cells
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The mid-portion of the eso is comprised:
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striated and smooth muscle cells
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The upper 1/3 portion of the eso is mostly made of:
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skeletal cells
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Adventitis
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a layer of loose CT which blends into the surrounding tissue of the Eso.
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What is the LES?
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Lower Esophageal sphincter
- segment just proximal to the anatomic gastroesophageal jx. |
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What does the LES do?
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maintains tone
prevents backflow |
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What does the fx of the esophagus require?
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motor activity coordinated with swallowing
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___ alone is not sufficient to move food from the pharynx to the stomach
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Gravity
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Achalasia
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ganglionic plexuses around LES are compromised
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Reflux Esophagitis
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inflammation of esophagus causing reflux (GERD)
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Laceration (Mallory-Weiss syndrome)
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due to binge drinking (it tears eso)
can be caused by bulemia |
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Esophageal Varices:
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dilation of eso..
due to alcoholism |
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Barrett Esophagus
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metaplastic esophagus
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Tumors
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sarcoma (rare)
most common: squamous cell carcinoma arises spontaneously from the cells cancer in the US is usually adenocarcinoma |
