Histo-Alimentry Canal

Front 1

Layers of the walls of the alimentary canal

Back 1

1. Tunica mucosa.
2. Tunica submucosa.
3. Tunica muscularis externa.
4. Tunica serosa or adventitia.

Front 2

Part of tunica mucosa.
Loose connective tissue; note large numbers of host defense cells)

Back 2

Lamina propria

Front 3

Part of tunica mucosa.(smooth muscle); very thin layer, typically 1-3 cells

Back 3

Muscularis mucosae

Front 4

Similar to a dense irregular connective tissue.
Carrys blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to and from mucosa.

Back 4

Tunica submucosa.

Front 5

a. Circular (inner) layer (compression of a segment).
b. Longitudinal (outer) layer (shortening of a segment).
c. Function: Peristalsis, mixing, reverse peristalsis.

Back 5

Tunica muscularis externa.

Front 6

visceral peritoneum (simple squamous epi., or mesothelium, plus thin layer of C.T.)

Back 6

Serosa

Front 7

layer of C.T., transition to surrounding tissues. Found in retroperitoneal organs (e.g., Duodenum, Ascending or Descending colon), in the rectum, and esophagus.

Back 7

Adventitia

Front 8

Found in all simple (1-cell layered) epithelia.

Back 8

Intraepithelial (single cell) glands (e.g., goblet cells).

Front 9

Stem cells in glands reduce their chance of injury, allow faster repair if damaged.

Back 9

Mucosal glands (simple tubular glands, e.g., crypts of the intestines).

Front 10

duct to lumen or opening to mucosal gland; common in the esophagus and the 1st part of the duodenum

Back 10

Submucosal glands

Front 11

e.g., Salivary glands, pancreas, liver

Back 11

External (Accessory) gland

Front 12

a. Operates independently from the central nervous system, and from the rest of the peripheral nervous system.
b. Can be greatly influenced by Autonomic nervous system; parasympathetics increase intrinsic rate of peristalsis, secretion, vascular supply, etc., whereas Sympathetics decrease above.

Back 12

enteric nervous system

Front 13

Innervates glands, vessels, enteroendocrine cells, and muscularis musosae.

Back 13

Submucosal (Meissner's) plexus

Front 14

Innervates tunica muscularis and provides some secretomotor innervation to epithelia.

Back 14

Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus.

Front 15

Open vs. closed APUD cells. ______ reach from base to lumen, and therefore pick up info. from lumen,

Back 15

Open cells

Front 16

Open vs. closed APUD cells.
________ are only along basal lamina, and do not extend to the lumen.

Back 16

closed cells

Front 17

Endocrine vs. paracrine
_______ secretes to bloodstream

Back 17

Endocrine

Front 18

Endocrine vs. paracrine ________ secretes into local epithelial areas or adjacent loose C.T. only. Most APUD cells in the gut are

Back 18

paracrine

Front 19

Lymph vessels and lacteals. ________ are enlarged lymph capillaries in villi

Back 19

Lacteals

Front 20

Lymph vessels and lacteals. __________ are found everywhere else.

Back 20

typical lymph capillaries

Front 21

Types of gut lymphoid tissues

Back 21

Solitary Lymph Nodules, Peyer's Patches, Appendix.

Front 22

First order folds

Back 22

rugae, plicae

Front 23

Second order folds

Back 23

villi

Front 24

Third order folds

Back 24

microvilli

Front 25

Pharynx divisions:

Back 25

a.Nasopharynx
b. Oropharynx.
c. Laryngopharynx

Front 26

Pharynx epithelium

Back 26

stratified squamous nonkeratinized

Front 27

Pharynx Lamina Propria modification

Back 27

seromucous glands

Front 28

pharynx muscular layer

Back 28

skeletal muscle

Front 29

piriform recess exists where

Back 29

Laryngopharynx

Front 30

Esophagus Epithelium:

Back 30

stratified squamous nonkeratinizing.

Front 31

Esophagus Lamina propria Modification

Back 31

Cardiac glands (in uppermost and lowermost parts of esophagus).

Front 32

Esophagus Submucosa modifications

Back 32

deep (esophageal) glands

Front 33

Esophagus Muscularis externa modifications:

Back 33

upper 1/3, skeletal muscle. Middle 1/3, mixed skeletal and smooth. Lower 1/3, smooth muscle only.

Front 34

Stomach Epithelium

Back 34

simple columnar, mucus secreting surface cells, with pits and glands.

Front 35

Stomach Modifications to Lamina propria

Back 35

highly cellular with frequent eosinophils

Front 36

Stomach to Muscularis externa contains THREE layers

Back 36

inner oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal.

Front 37

Pyloric sphincter is an enlargement of the _____ muscle layer.

Back 37

circular

Front 38

Pit gastric glands

Back 38

surface mucous cells

Front 39

Isthmus gastric glands

Back 39

mucous and parietal cells

Front 40

Neck gastric glands

Back 40

mucous neck cells, stem cells, and parietal cells.

Front 41

Base gastric glands

Back 41

zymogenic (chief) cells & parietal cells

Front 42

many mucous granules (except in isthmus, where mucous granules are few).

Back 42

Surface mucous cells

Front 43

some mucous granules.

Back 43

Mucous neck cells:

Front 44

found in neck of gland; source of replacement cells.

Back 44

Stem cells

Front 45

zymogenic granules (pepsin).

Back 45

Chief cells

Front 46

HCl, intrinsic factor. NB, cannulliculus, numerous mitochondria.

Back 46

Parietal cells:

Front 47

eosinophilic secretion on basal surface of cell. Secretions include Seratonin, Gastrin, enteroglucagon, Somatostatin, VIP, endorphin, substance P.

Back 47

Enteroendocrine (APUD) cells:

Front 48

in cardia; shallow pits; glands just as deep as pits. mucous and parietal cells.

Back 48

Cardiac glands:

Front 49

in pylorus; deep pits; glands just as deep as pits, but tortuous. mucous and parietal cells.

Back 49

Pyloric glands:

Front 50

in fundis and body; pits shallow; glands 2-3 times as deep as pits. chief and parietal cells.

Back 50

Gastric/Fundic glands:

Front 51

Small Intestine Epithelium

Back 51

simple columnar epithelium, with goblet cells and columnar absorptive cells (enterocytes).

Front 52

Small Intestine: Modifications to Lamina propria

Back 52

Highly cellular, with numerous IgA-producing plasma cells

Front 53

Small Intestine: Modifications to villous structure:

Back 53

lymphatic lacteals

Front 54

Small Intestine: Modifications to Mucous glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn)

Back 54

Immature goblet and absorptive cells (capable of division)
APUD cells
Stem cells
Paneth cells

Front 55

Duodenal regional variations.

Back 55

Submucosal (Brunner's) glands

Front 56

Jejunum: small Intestine Regional variations.

Back 56

Tallest villi and plicae.

Front 57

Ileum: small Intestine Regional variations.

Back 57

Decreasing size of villi and plicae. Peyer's Patches

Front 58

long microvilli, containing bound digestive enzymes. Also note morphologic changes in fat absorption.

Back 58

Enterocytes (columnar absorptive cells)

Front 59

scattered, found in upper crypt and villous surface. Note massive accumulation of apical mucus, and small, dense nucleus toward base.

Back 59

Goblet cells

Front 60

many types, both endocrine and paracrine function.

Back 60

APUD cells

Front 61

Found at base of crypt. Serous cells (lysozyme, possible EGF). Probable host defense function.

Back 61

Paneth cells

Front 62

immature mucous cells

Back 62

Oligomucous cells:

Front 63

found in crypt just above Paneth cell layer. large, light-staining nucleus. Gives rise to all other epithelial cells.

Back 63

Stem cells:

Front 64

Peyers Patches: Germinal Centers

Back 64

primarily B-cells

Front 65

Peyers Patches: Interfollicular cells

Back 65

mostly T-cells

Front 66

Few goblet cells. Microfold (M-) cells. Intra-epitelial lymphocytes.

Back 66

Follicle-associated epithelium

Front 67

Peyer’s Patches Functions.

Back 67

Generate IgA in response to microbes

Front 68

Large Intestine Epithelium.

Back 68

simple columnar cells
large numbers of mucous cells in crypts

Front 69

Large Intestine modification: submucosa

Back 69

plica semilunares, sacculations (haustrae)

Front 70

Large Intestine modifications: Muscularis externa

Back 70

tenia coli

Front 71

small, reduced, wormlike. Large number of LYMPHATIC NODULES

Back 71

Appendix

Front 72

full longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.

Back 72

Rectum

Front 73

Abrupt transition to stratified squamous epithelium below valves.

Back 73

Anal canal