Hist Final Part 3

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2nd Great Awakening (1780; gained momentum 1800; peaked in 1840)

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Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1780, gained momentum by 1800, and after 1820 membership rose rapidly religious revivals makes US Christian society
-successful churches preach spiritual equality, govern selves democratically
-Methodist/Baptist churches most popular
-It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations. Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age. The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Chris

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Abolition Movement 1780--1890

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An international movement that between approximately 1780-1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much if the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States. Leaders: William Lloyd Garrison; Frederick Douglas

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Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819

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1819 a treaty was made between Spain and America which sold Florida to the U.S. This happened after Andrew Jackson led troops into Florida and demonstrated to Spain that they could not defend the territory.

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Age of Jackson 1829-37

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refers to jacksons admin from 1829-37, democracy began to expand, as states rewrote their constitutions and extended the right to vote to all free white males. Although inequalities existed, by the late 1830s, the United States had become a full democracy for adult white males. Jackson was a symbol of the new age of democracy, the "age of the common man." Jackson, who enjoyed wide support among Americans, was the first leader of the modern Democratic Party.

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Erie Canal 1825

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Completed in 1825; the 363 mile canal went across upstate New York. It was a remarkable feat of engineering for the time and allowed for goods to flow between the Great Lakes and New York City. It gave birth to many cities and initiated other states to build their own infrastructures.

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Battle of Antietam 1862

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fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Union soil.
-It is the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with a combined tally of dead, wounded, and missing at 22,717
_ (1862) Union came across Lee's battle plans and planned a counterattack; meeting Lee in Maryland;
_ Started war with the Untion; cost South any hope of European support.
It effectively ended Lee's efforts to invade the northern states.
_ The battle allowed Lincoln to issue the emancipation proclamation.

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John Quincy Adams

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_ Who: 6th president of the US, son of John Adams, Democratic-Republican
_ Wrote the Monroe Doctrine and liked the policy of Manifest Destiny;
_ After he was done being president he was elected to the House of Representatives

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Frederick Douglass

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_ 1818-1895. Born a slave and he was taught to read and write.
_ He got in trouble for teaching others.
_ He runs to the North, becomes a vocal abolitionist, writes an autobiography, and his freedom is purchased. He then becomes a part of elite Northern society.

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Doctrine of Nullification 1830's

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_ Expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
_ Belief that a state could nullify a law it considered unconstitutional
_ Supporters view - the doctrine is a major political tool against tyranny by the central government over the state governments and the people
_ Opponents view - it is threatening to the stability of the country.
The doctrine of nullification says that states can set aside federal laws. The idea of nullification during the 1830s was championed by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. Calhoun was repeating Jefferson's assertions that states could override(nullify) any federal law judged unconstitutional.

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Dred Scott Decision 1857

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_ Scott’s owner had taken him into free territory and so Scott sued for his freedom
_Court said whether slave or free, blacks could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court(judicial review)
_ Case meant that Congress could not ban slavery anywhere
-Supreme Court calls blacks lesser beings

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The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

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part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a "slave power conspiracy". It declared that all runaway slaves were, upon capture, to be returned to their masters.

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Free Soil Party 1848

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The party leadership consisted of former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main platform called for both the barring of slavery from western territories and for the federal government provide free homesteads to settlers

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2nd Great Awakening (early 1800's)

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religious revival makes US Christian society. Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800, and after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the 1840s.

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Abolition Movement (1780-1890)

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An international movement that between approximately 1780-1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much if the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.

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Adams-Onís Treaty of (1819)

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– After Andrew Jackson led troops into Florida and demonstrated to Spain that they could not defend the territory, a treaty was made between the United States and Spain that gave Florida to the U.S. and set out a boundary between the U.S. and New Spain (now Mexico). It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy

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4. Adams, John Quincy(1825-1829)

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as a diplomat, Adams played an important role in negotiating many international treaties, most notably the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812. As Secretary of State, he negotiated with the United Kingdom over the United States' northern border with Canada, negotiated with Spain the annexation of Florida, and authored the Monroe Doctrine.

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5. Age of Jackson (1815-40)

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refers to jacksons admin, democracy began to expand, as states rewrote their constitutions and extended the right to vote to all free white males. Although inequalities existed, by the late 1830s, the United States had become a full democracy for adult white males. Jackson was a symbol of the new age of democracy, the "age of the common man." Jackson, who enjoyed wide support among Americans, was the first leader of the modern Democratic Party.

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6. Alamo & Goliad(1836)

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- Mexican troops overtook the Alamo, after 13 days of fighting, the 187 Americans and Tejanos were crushed by Santa Anna's forces, which numbered 5000 strong. Then the Massacre at Goliad in which soldiers taken prisoner were all executed, demonstrated the cruelty of Mexican General Santa Anna and enraged both Texans and Americans enough to decide to fight a decisive battle for independence. Leading to the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836 in which Santa Ana was defeated and Texan independence was won.

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7. Antietam, Battle of(1862)

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- Union came across Lee's battle plans and planned a counterattack; meeting Lee in Maryland; Bloodiest single day battle. It cost South any hope of European support and allowed Lincoln to issue the emancipation proclamation. It effectively ended Lee's efforts to invade the northern states. It halted southern efforts to press Lincoln to sue for peace.

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8. Confederate States of America (1861-65)

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a government set up in 1861 by 7 slave states of the Lower South(South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) that had declared their secession following the election of Abraham Lincoln. Then 4 states of the Upper South(Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina) were admitted after war began in April. CSA later accepted (Missouri and Kentucky) as members although neither officially declared secession nor was ever controlled by Confederate forces. By 1865, after very heavy fighting, largely on Confederate soil, CSA forces were defeated and the Confederacy collapsed.

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9. Cherokee Phoenix 1828

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- First newspaper published by Native Americans in the United States and the first published in a Native American language 1828. Protects and unifies the Cherokees and wanted to spread Christianity

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10. Cotton Gin 1793

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-Invented by Eli whitney, the machine quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation. this led directly to the dramatic 19th century expansion of slavery.

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11. Cult of Domesticity (1800's)-

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a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the 19th century in the United States and Great Britain. This value system emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman's role within the home and the dynamics of work and family.

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12. Doctrine of Nullification(1830s)

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says that states can set aside federal laws. The idea of nullification during the 1830s was championed by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. Calhoun was repeating Jefferson's assertions that states could override(nullify) any federal law judged unconstitutional. The states’ rights doctrine of nullification as articulated by South Carolina had been “irretrievably smashed.

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13. Douglass, Frederick(1818-95)

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Maryland slave who escaped in 1838. He was a celebrated abolitionist who also championed women’s rights, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves did not have the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens.

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14. Dred Scott Decision (1856)

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Supreme Court held that African Americans, whether slave or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States. This demonstrated that their was technically no such thing as a free state, or thats how people in the north, especially republicans saw it. Convinced even more people that the entire gov't, Congress, Pres. Buchanan, and now the supreme court, was definitely in the hands of the slave power.

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15. Election of 1824

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John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives in what was termed the Corrupt Bargain. His oppponent in the election was Andrew Jackson. This was the last election that was decided by the House of Representatives.

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16. Election of Lincoln 1860

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Lincoln had 0 votes in 9 states but 40% of pop. vote including majorities in the more populous states and was elected by the electoral college; The demographics of Lincolns elections demonstrated to everyone that the government was no longer a slave power. Many Southern states felt that he should not have won by any means and 7 states seceeded by Lincoln's inauguration and formed the Confederate States of America setting the stage for the Civil War.

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17. Emancipation Proclamation (1862)-

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Issued on September 22, 1862 it took effect on January 1, 1863. This represented a turning point in Lincoln’s thinking. He is acting as Commander-in-Chief of the United States Army and Navy, not as an Abolitionist. Anti-slavery thought helped to move Lincoln to the point of abolishing slavery. Lincoln allows slaves to join the army. The use of the word “persons” ends any chance of the south receiving reimbursement for the freed slaves.

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18. Erie Canal (1825)

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– Completed in 1825; the 363 mile canal went across upstate New York. It was a remarkable feat of engineering for the time and allowed for goods to flow between the Great Lakes and New York City. It gave birth to many cities and initiated other states to build their own infrastructures.

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19. Fort Sumter (April 1861)-

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First battle of the Civil War. the Confederate General Beauregard demanded evacuation of the federal fort at Charleston, SC by Union troops, but they refused. The for was captured by the Confederates after 2 days of shelling. April 14, 1861 Major Robert Anderson surrendered to the Confederacy.

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20. Free Soil Party (1848-1852)-

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a Northern third party that formed and thrived between 1848-1852. It opposed the expansion of slavery into the territories acquired by the Mexican War that would eventually becomes states but did not oppose slavery in the states where it already existed. They sought to keep the West a land of opportunity for whites only so that the majority would not have to compete with the labor of slaves or free blacks. The Compromise of 1850 was instrumental in ending the influence of the party, since the FSP didn't support the compromise and lost out. By 1854 most of the party's members had joined the Republican party.

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21. Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

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The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. It meant that slaves could be seized anywhere in U.S. and transported back to slavery. This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a "slave power conspiracy" and deepened the divide between the south and north.

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22. Garrison’s Liberator-(1831-1865)

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an abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison. He published weekly issues from Boston for 35 years. Circulation was only about 3,000, and 3/4ths of subscribers were African Americans. In 1834, the newspaper earned nationwide notoriety for its uncompromising advocacy of "immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves" in the United States. One of the strong influences of starting the Civil War.

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23.Battle of Gettysburg(July 1863)

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-The battle in Gettysburg, PA involved the largest number of casualties of the entire civil war and was the war's turning point. Union Maj. Gen. George Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North.

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24. Harper’s Ferry Raid(1859

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)-an attempt by the white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt in 1859. Seized a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown, accompanied by 20 men in his party, were defeated by a detachment of 88 U.S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee. This angered southerner’s and was a factor leading to the Civil War.

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25. Jackson’s Affair of the Petticoat (1830–1831)-

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Scandal involving Jackson's rough frontier friends, appointed to Cabinet and their wives clashing with proper Washington Society. The scandal pervaded and nearly paralyzed the federal government for more than two years. Although it started over a private matter, it affected the political careers of several men, Secretary of State Marin Van Buren, became Vice President of Jackson in 1832. After Van Buren became Vice President, Jackson and Van Buren called for the resignations of the entire cabinet involved in the affair and resulted in the informal "Kitchen Cabinet".

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26. Jackson’s Spoils System

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Jackson supporters had been lavished with promises of positions in return for political support. These promises were honored by an astonishing number of removals after Jackson assumed power. Fully 919 officials were removed from government positions, amounting to nearly 10 percent of all government postings. This is still in practice today, the winner of the election gets to choose largely who works for him.

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27. Jackson’s War on the Bank (1830s)-

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Jackson sought to destroy the Second Bank of the United States, a federal institution. Jackson's stubborn skepticism about banks escalated into a highly personal battle between him and the president of the bank, Nicholas Biddle. The Bank War created conflicts which resonated for years. Jackson's campaign against the Second Bank of the United States did ultimately cripple the institution in 1832 despite the efforts of Henry Clay.

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28. King Cotton

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By mid 19th century South accounting for 3/5ths of exports, slogan used by Confederates (1860–61) to support secession by arguing that cotton exports would make an independent Confederate States of America economically prosperous, ruin the textile industry of New England, and would force Great Britain and France to support the Confederacy in the Civil War because their industrial economy depended on cotton textiles. It was successful in mobilizing support: by February 1861, the seven states whose economies were based on cotton plantations had all seceded and formed the Confederacy. While the cotton south seceded, the other eight slave states remained in the Union.

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29. Law of April 6, 1830

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was passed in Mexico to counter concerns that Mexican Texas, part was in danger of being annexed by the United States. The law banned any further immigration from the United States to Texas and encouraged Mexican citizens to move from the interior to Texas. The law attempted to make life difficult for immigrants who had already lived in Texas for years, by prematurely revoking tax breaks and by enforcing the Mexican ban on slavery. This law did little to stop American immigration to Texas, where by 1834, Mexicans were outnumbered 4 to 1.

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30. Lee, Gen. Robert E. (1807-1870)

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American career military officer who is best known for having commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War.

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31. Lone Star Republic(1836)

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Most Texan-Americans wanted to be annexed by the United States. They feared that the Mexican government might soon try to recapture their land. Many had originally come from the American south and had great interest in becoming a southern state. President Andrew Jackson saw trouble. Many Whigs and Abolitionists in the North refused to admit another slave state to the Union. Rather than risk tearing the nation apart over this controversial issue, Jackson did not pursue annexation. The Lone Star flag flew proudly over the Lone Star Republic for nine years.

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32. Lovejoy, Elijah (1802-1837)-

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an American Presbyterian minister, journalist, newspaper editor and abolitionist. He was murdered by pro-slavery mob in Alton, Illinois, during their attack on his warehouse to destroy his press and abolitionist materials. Lovejoy became a martyr for Northern abolitionists, and was a big inspiration to John Brown.

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33. Lowell Mills 1821

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the first factory system, invented by Francis Lowell, where people and machines were under one roof.

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34. Manifest Destiny (1840's)

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-19th century widely held belief that Americans were destined by God to expand across the continent and to promote and defend democracy throughout the world. Led to industrialization, railroad revolution, commercial boom in west. This led to the largest aquisition of U.S. territory and continues to have an influence on American political ideology.

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35. Missouri Compromise of 1820

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passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. In order to balance out slave and free states.

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36. Monroe Doctrine (1823

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)-a policy introduced which stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. At the same time, the doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries.

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37. Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

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a slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, during August 1831. Led by Nat Turner, rebel slaves killed anywhere from 55 to 65 people, the highest number of fatalities caused by any slave uprising in the American South. The rebellion was put down within a few days, but Turner survived in hiding for more than two months afterwards. In the aftermath, there was widespread fear, and white militias organized in retaliation against slaves. This is a significant event leading up to the civil war.

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38. Nativism

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movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants. Impacted politics in mid-19th century United States because of the large inflows of immigrants from cultures that were markedly different from the existing American culture. Nativist movements included the Know Nothing or American Party of the 1850s

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39. Paternalist Defense of Slavery

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paternalism generally refers to the attitude of many white southerners toward African Americans in the nineteenth century and continuing into the twentieth. According to the paternalist defense of slavery, African Americans were childlike and unable to take proper care of themselves; therefore, they needed white "masters" to take care of them and guide them through life.

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40. Planter Class

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- those with 20 slaves or more only 2% white population, but controlled 90% of the weath; dominated govt: 50-85% of state legislature; Below them were the yeoman farmers>landless whites>free ppl of color>slaves

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41. Santa Anna, Gen.

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a Mexican politician and general who greatly influenced early Mexican politics and government. Santa Anna fought first against Mexican independence from Spain, then in support of it. A brave soldier and a cunning politician, he so dominated his era that historians often call it the "Age of Santa Anna."

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42. Sherman, Gen. W. T. (1820 – 1891)

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served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War under Ullysses Grant, for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" campaign that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States.

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43. Tariff of Abominations 1828

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a protective tariff passed under J.Q. Adams administration raised tariffs on textiles and manufactured goods by about 50% of their worth. This was designed to protect industry in the north but it significantly hurt the ecomony of the south. This led to the Nullification Crisis and eventually the civil war.

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44. Temperance Movement

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aimed to curb the consumption of alcohol and had a large influence on American politics and society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.linked to the women's suffrage movement. As one became more popular so did the other. It is no coincidence that Women's voting rights and Prohibition began about the same time. It made bootlegging popular. People like Capone and the Kennedy's got rich while surging beer producing towns like Shreveport had their economies ruined. It pushed morality and religion into the center of the American stage where it still is.

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45. Tocqueville’s Democracy in America (1835)

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French liberal politician and writer, Comte de Tocqueville's book, a dispassionate examination of the American political and social systems and their shaping effect on American manners and intellect. Democracy had some unfavorable consequences: the tyranny of the majority over thought, a preoccupation with material goods, and isolated individuals

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46. Trail of Tears 1838

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-Under the Presidency of President Jackson, the trail of tears is the ethnic cleansing and forced relocation of Native American nations following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The removal included tens of thousands of indians from their homelands to Indian Territory in eastern parts of present day Oklahoma. During the trek thousands of indians died and withstood extreme conditions and treatment. This was the largest Indian removal and a huge scar on American history.

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47. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

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the peace treaty signed in Guadalupe Hidalgo between the U.S. and Mexico that ended the Mexican–American War (1846–48). With the defeat of its army and the fall of the capital, Mexico entered into negotiations to end the war. The treaty called for the U.S. to pay $15 million to Mexico; it gave the United States the Rio Grande boundary for Texas, and gave the U.S. ownership of California, and a large area comprising New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado.

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48. Uncle Tom’s Cabin(1852)

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written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, member of an abolitionist family from Connecticut. It is anti-slavery novel published in 1852 and a best-seller of the century in 1854. The novel "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War".

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49. Underground Railroad

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-A network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th-century black slaves in the United States to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause. It was so successful that it is estimated that between 1810 and 1850, 100,000 slaves escaped from the South through the Underground Railroad.

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50. Whig Party(1830s-mid1850s)

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-formed in opposition to the policies of President Jackson and his Democratic Party. Whigs supported Congressional power over executive power, initiatives as limiting presidential terms. The party had a short lifespan and was always falling apart due to fissures over the question of slavery. Their greatest significance was that the party embodied the growing separation between pro-slavery and anti-slavery Americans. The problems that the party faced foretold the problems that the country would soon face.