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121 Cards in this Set
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wilson's plan for peace |
the fourteen points removal of international economic barriers reduction of armaments self determination the league of nations |
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big four |
president wilson david lloyd george french premier georges clemenceau vittorio orlando of italy |
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treaty of versailles |
article 231 germany lost 1 million sq mi of colonial possessions germany lost 50,000 sq mi of european territory germany reduced army to 100,000 men surrendered all warships, submarines, airplanes, military equipment reparations of 56.5 billion in gold |
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article 231 |
the war guilt clause the central powers assume responsibility for the outbreak of world war I |
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would compel congress at the dictates of the league council to defend territorial integrity and political independence of any member state which was attacked |
articles X |
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europe had bled after WWI while America profited USA was called this because it was known for it's stinginess |
Uncle Shylock |
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this plan reduced German annual payments and extended period for repayment & more loans. |
dawes plan of 1924 |
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Germany was given 58 years to pay 8.8 billion dollars. the principal plus the interest would amount to over 27 billion dollars. |
Young plan of 1929 |
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prime the pump triangular relationship |
Germany was giving back to england and france who gave back to the US who gave back to germany |
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This conference drafted nine treaties the most import of which were a five power treaty a four power treaty a nine power treaty
discussed problems of the pacific |
washington conference |
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this treaty providing for a ten-year "naval holiday" in the construction of capital ships and fixing the relative tonnage of Great Britain, the US, Japan, France, and Italy at 5:5:3:1.67:1.67 |
five power treaty |
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this treaty guaranteeing the political and territorial integrity of china and the "Open Door" for trade |
nine power treaty |
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agreement reached at Locarno, Switzerland, by Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Poland, and Szechoslovakia. Guarenteed the dimilitarized status of the Rhineland and the common borders of Belgium, France, and Germany |
Locarno Pact |
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at president coolidge's suggestion the signatories of the washington naval treaty were invited to confer at geneva in 1927 delegates from GB, US, and japan spent 6 weeks in fruitless discussion |
the geneva conference 1927 |
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also known as the Pact of Paris, the principal states of the world "renounced war as an instrument of national policy," was signed by 62 nations they agreed to settle all international disputes by peaceful means |
the Kellog Briand Pact of 1928 |
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formed after WWI to promote international peace and security |
league of nations |
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Ethiopia |
invaded by italy. second step leading to WWII |
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treaty binding the signatories (US, GB, Japan, and France) to respect one another's rights in the Pacific and to confer in the event that any question threatened to disrupt harmonious relations |
four power treaty |
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succeeded Bulganin as Soviet Premier |
Nikita Khrushchev |
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Japan's longest reigning monarch |
Hirohito |
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founder of fascism and prime minister of italy from 1922-1943 |
Benito Mussolini |
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fourth step leading to WWII
he overthrows the spanish republic and establishes a dictatorship |
francisco franco |
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lightening war from Germany to Poland |
britzkrieg |
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an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization
founded by mussolini |
fascism |
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state hold all authority of society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible |
totalitarianism |
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one of the 8 goals of the Fourteen points and the New Deal each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and therefore responds to threats to, and breaches to peace |
collective security |
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aided by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, Franco overthrows the Spanish Republic and establishes a dictatorship |
Spanish Civil War |
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consisted of volunteers wanting to fight for the Republic during the Spanish Civil War |
Lincoln Battalion |
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Agreement signed in Germany by Germany, GB, France, and Italy which surrendered the Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia, to Germany. Brit Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, "Peace in our Time" symbol of appeasement and WWII began about a year after it's signing |
Munich Conference |
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German Air Force's attempt to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force. They failed and it was a turning point in WWII and stopped Germany from invading Britain. |
Battle of Britain |
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British air force which fought in almost every battle in WWII. known mostly in the Battle of Britain against Germany. |
Royal Air Force |
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The development of this by British scientists saved Britain in its struggle for survival |
radar |
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tokyo napalm |
series of firebombing raids on japan by US air force during the pacific campaigns of WWII
mix of gelling agent and petroleum that sticks to skin and causes severe burns when on fire |
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How did the USA officially end WWI |
Treaty of Versailles |
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Independent Internationalism |
USA active on global scale but retained its independence of action |
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Hoover's offer to England |
British rejected an ingenious offer from Hoover to trade their debt altogether for British Honduras, Bermuda, and Trinidad |
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Britain and France responded to German aggression with a policy of |
appeasement |
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reasons for appeasement (7) |
1. haunted by WWI 2. Britain unprepared for war 3. Britain thought Versailles Treaty treated Germany too severely 4. French army was only prepared to fight a defensive war 5. US didn't want involved 6. France and Britain feared and mistrusted Soviet Union so alliance of WWI was not renewed 7. France wasn't confident |
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Tripartite Pact |
pact signed in Berlin with Germany, Japan, and Italy defense treaty against allied powers |
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Non-aggression pact |
between Germany and Soviet Union agreeing to avoid war Hitler wanted to avoid a two front war |
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Hitler's foreign policy aims were the destruction of __________ __________, the conquest and colonization of east __________, and the domination and exploitation of ___________ _________ |
versailles treaty europe racial "inferiors" |
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number of jews that died in the holocaust |
6 million |
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the final solution |
Nazi's plan to exterminate the Jews (The Holocaust) |
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cryptonym given to the US's efforts to break Japanese military and diplomatic codes during WWII |
operation magic |
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Pearl Harbor |
naval base located in Hawaii attacked by Japan in 1941 brought US into WWII dec. 7, 1941 |
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The babies have been delivered |
The atomic bomb has been successfully tested |
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Eisenhower's Secretary of State hated communism dominant figure in US's foreign policy |
John Foster Dulles |
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research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs led by the US |
Manhattan Project |
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki deaths |
130k aug 6, 1945 60k aut 9, 1945 |
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when did truman sign the united nations charter |
aug 8, 1945 |
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Treaty of Portsmouth |
ends Russian-Jap war with Russia's loss |
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Potsdam Conference |
in the suburb of berlin truman, stalin, and atlee (replaced churchill) gave warning of japan of the bombing |
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Atlantic Charter |
roosevelt and Churchill placentia bay, newfoundland a joint statement of war aims |
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teheran conference |
iran FDR, Churchill, and Stalin allied plans of war against germany and for post-war cooperation in the United Nations. discussed planned invasion of France. stalin promised to enter war against japan |
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casablanca conference |
FDR and Churchill meet french morocco rejection of stalin's second front idea |
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Moscow Agreement |
churchill flew by himself to moscow consented to a proposal whereby control of eastern europe would be divided between britain and the soviet union |
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yalta conference |
a four power occupation of germany (france the fourth power) churchill, FDR, stalin at yalta |
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aim to safeguard the atlantic community, particularly against the soviet bloc |
warsaw pact |
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The political 7 economic struggle between the capitalist, democratic western powers and the communist bloc after WWII massive military buildups and intensive economic competition and strained, hostile diplomatic relations |
cold war |
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spies for US during cold war |
CIA |
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stalin perpetual struggle against non-communist nations |
marxist destiny |
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this would divide western democracy and eastern communism |
iron curtain |
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pilot produced from american U2 spy plane over russia. |
Francis Gary Powers |
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department of defense, who's secretary would combine the traditional functions of the secretary of war and navy |
national security act |
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coordinates the defense and foreign policy of the US |
national security council |
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Chinese nationalist gov (named?) was corrupt, fled to formosa (renamed?) |
Chiang Kai-Shek Taiwan fall of china |
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This communist started revitalization of Japan and a buffer to russia |
Mao Tse Tung |
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European recovery program US spent 12.4 billion nobel peace prize George C. marshall Secretary of state |
Marshal plan |
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USA recognition of Russia |
after 16 years US was in great depression needed Russia's aid |
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First man-made satellite Russian for "Fellow Traveler of Earth" |
Sputnik |
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at the end of WWII, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel into North Korea (Soviet) and South Korea (USA) zones of occupation. Chinese communists joined North and invaded south. UN authorized nations to aid South. |
Korean War |
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Truman justified aid to Greece and Turkey and kept them from communist domination |
Truman Doctrine |
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active program to roll-back communism
to catch ethnic voters whose homelands had fallen captive |
Called for Liberation |
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Aim to safeguard the Atlantic Community |
NATO |
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Dulles attempted to integrate the entire non-communist world into a system of _________ _______ __________ modeled on NATO but without exception, far weaker than the European Pact |
mutual defense pacts |
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US could no longer rely on other nations to take the initiative in resisting Communism It must itself establish firm and active leadership of the non-communist world |
NSC-68 |
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The entire communist regime was overthrown before the Red Army reoccupied the county |
Hungary Rebellion |
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Kennan "Foreign Affairs" spelled out the doctrine of ___________ - published anonymously - "It is clear that the main element of any US policy towards the Soviet Union must be that of a firm _____________ of Russia expansive tendencies." |
containment |
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Stalin instituted the blockade of West Berlin in an attempt of force the US and its allies to abandon the city, which lay surrounded by Communist east Germany but the blockade has the opposite effect. Berlin airlift made the city a worldwide symbol to resistance to Communism |
Berlin Blockade |
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workers in East Germany rebelled against working conditions and food shortages |
East Germany Rebellion |
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29 miles long along border of east and west berlin concrete and barbed wire barricade to stop the exodus |
berlin wall |
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Following the Bay of Pigs invasion, the USSR secretly began building missile launching sites in Cuba only 90 miles away USA imposed Naval blockade on Cuba Soviets agreet to dismantle the missile sites |
Cuban Missile Crisis |
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Unsuccessful invasion of cuba by USA backed Cuban exiles US had aim of ousting the communist regime of Fidel Castro Cuba traded captured rebels for 53 million in food and medicine |
Bay of Pigs Invasion |
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USA would respond to Communist threat to it's Allies not by using conventional forces in local, conflict (Korea) but by relying on the deterrent of __________ ___________ powers. (envisioning nuclear power) more rubble for the ruble, reduction in cost and reliance on atomic weapons |
massive retaliation more bang for a buck |
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pushing the soviet union to the brink of war in order to exact concessions |
brinkmanship |
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Kennedy charged during campaign that the USA was suffering from a missile gap that the soviet union had moved ahead truth: USA was ahead, ken and nixon knew it. russians started a new missile building program |
missile gap |
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US pledged to oppose, by force if necessary, any further aggression in the Persian Gult |
Carter Doctrine |
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Carter's hard-line National Security advisor persuaded Carter the Soviet invasion of _____________ was the first step in a soviet scheme to dominate the oil rich persian gulf |
afghanistan |
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JFK The training of native police forces by American military and technical advisers to fight modem, limited wars |
counterinsurgency |
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Eisenhower's Farewell Address In the councils of government we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the _________ _____________ ____________ |
military industrial complex |
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Dwight D. Eisenhower 5 star general in the US army during WWII |
Ike Eisenhower |
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date of attack on pearl harbor |
dec 7, 1941 |
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Promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism |
red scare |
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book written by George Orwell
set in Great Britain, dictated by socialism |
1984 |
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book written by George Orwell
reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution and in to the Stalin era in the Soviet Union |
Animal Farm |
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poem by TS Eliot
follows the legend of the Holy Grail and the Fisher King combined with vingettes of contemporary British society |
The Wasteland |
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marxist revolutionary and theorist, soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the red army |
leon trotsky |
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German government leaders who signed the Armistice ending WWI |
November Criminals |
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german politician and reich minister of propaganda in nazi germany. one of hitler's closest associates and most devoted followers |
joseph goebbels |
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series of coordinated attacks against jews throughout Nazy Germany and Austria carried out by non jewish civilians |
Kristallnacht Night of the Broken Glass |
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official secret police of Nazi Germany and Germany-occupied Europe |
Gestapo |
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German title meaning leader or guide now most associated with hitler |
Fuhrer |
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novel by Ernest Hemingway
a young American in the International Brigades attached to a republican guerrilla unit during the spanish civil war |
For Whom the Bell Tolls |
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Lenin's slogan |
peace, land. and bread |
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german ocean liner tried to find homes for 915 german refugees |
st. louis |
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stopped kornilov from establishing a military dictatorship |
petrograd |
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would not stoop to crime/undemocratic methods for sake of political success |
mensheviks |
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most militant of all revolutionary socialists aimed to create democratic socialist state |
bolsheviks |
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anti-communist groups in russia monarchists |
white army |
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stalin crude/vulgar |
man of steel |
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facist militia raided socialist and trade union offices |
black shirts |
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ultra conservative whose hatred of liberalism and secularism led him to believe that fascists would increase the influence of the church in the nation |
pope pius XI |
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--recognized independence of vatican city --repealed many anticlerical laws passed under the liberal government --made religious instruction compulsory in secondary schools |
lateran accords |
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--fascist regime brought marginal lands under cultivation and urged farmers to concentrate on wheat --to make italy more self-sufficient |
battle of the grain |
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german communist party took to streets of berlin and declared ebert's gov. deposed free corps suppressed revolution and murdered leaders, luxemburg and liebknect |
spartacist revolt |
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revolution brought down german gov. led to creation of democratic republic new gov. drew up constitution for new state: weimar republic germans detested it |
weimar republic |
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leader of nazi party and eventually leader of germny |
adolf hitler |
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right-wing extremist political party |
nazi |
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book hitler wrote in prison about his worldview |
mein kampf |
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leader of SS believer in hitlers racial theories molded SS into disciplined, dedicated, utterly ruthless men |
heinrich himmler |
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helped lead bolsheviks believed in control of economy believed in the dictatorship of the proletariat |
lenin's opportunity |
