Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Dual Revolution |
- The coming together of the ideas of the FrenchRevolution and the Industrial Revolution. |
|
|
Physiocrats |
- They rejected the mercantilist idea of the regulationof commerce. They thought that commerce should be free of all regulations andtariffs and controls. - Argued that land, not gold, is the place that weget all of our wealth. - Tried to discover the natural laws of economics.Like Newton did with physics. |
|
|
Laissez-Faire |
- Economic theory that largely prevails incapitalistic companies in present time. - Literally means “to leave alone.” - Idea that it is not the job of the government to interfere inthe stuff regarding the economies. |
|
|
Adam Smith |
- He wrote TheWealth of Nations - He vigorously attacks mercantilism because ofgovernment regulation. His main premise is of Laissez-faire. - Thought that wealth is created by the productionof goods. By doing this, he escapes the fixed-pie theory. |
|
|
Labor Theory of Value |
- Smith argued that labor, rather than land orgold, was the fundamental source for the creation of wealth. - “A cake is more valuable than eggs, sugar, andflour that went into making it because labor creates value. |
|
|
Theory of Specialization |
- Don’t attempt to make at home what you can buyfrom another. - Each must do what he does best and exchange whathe makes in a free market to acquire other goods. |
|
|
Theory of The Market & Free Trade |
- Rejects regulations and advocates a free tradein an open market. - Thought this was true in a local andinternational policy both. - Fought for the idea that individuals competingfor their own enrichment will in the process enrich society as a whole.Individual greed promotes the common good. |
|
|
Theory of The Invisible Hand |
- For a free market economy regulated by its ownnatural laws will ensure: An adequate supply of goods, A quality good, and A fair price. - The unobservable market force that helps the demand and supply of goods in a free market to reach equilibrium automatically is the invisible hand. |
|
|
Thomas Malthus |
- Came up with the Malthusian crisis, which is the idea that there is a tendency in any given society for thepopulation to increase more rapidly than the resources. |
|
|
David Ricardo |
- Took Malthus’ idea and applied it to wages. - You have a job (that is the resource) and youhave a population of job seekers. - Argued that the population would tend tooutnumber the number of jobs. - Given this situation, people offer to work forless and less which drives the wages down |
|
|
Iron Law of Wages |
- The idea that an excess of jobseekers leads to low wages. |
|
|
Conflict of Ideologies |
- An ideology refers to a belief system. It is theway people organize, analyze, and justify what they believe, how they act, andtheir values and institutions. |
|
|
Conservatism |
- Had a respect for tradition - Obedience to authority. - Religion used to sanctify tradition and the establishedway of doing things. Gave religious validation to society. - Architectural metaphor of the state: talk aboutthe foundations or pillars of society. Like monarchy, aristocracy, the officercorps of the army, and the hierarchy of the church. o Implies that these are man made and can bechanged. - Organic metaphor of the state (Conservativesfavor it): The state is not an artifice but an organic, living thing that hasqualities about it that are associated with living. You talk about the roots ofsociety and you don’t want rapid change. - Conservatism looks with disfavor upon rapid,revolutionary change, and representative government (Purpose of government ismeant to represent the masses. Looks with disfavor upon ethnic nationalism(where every ethnic group aspires to have its own nation). |
|
|
Liberalism |
- Political doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing the freedom of the individual to be the central problem of politics. Liberals typically believe that government is necessary to protect individuals from being harmed by others; but they also recognize that government itself can pose a threat to liberty. - I) A belief in the absolute value of human personality and spiritual equality of the individual;II) A belief in the autonomy of the individual will;III) A belief in the essential rationality and goodness of man;IV) A belief in certain inalienable rights of the individual, particularly, the rights of life, liberty and property;V) That state comes into existence by mutual consent for the purpose of protection of rights;VI) That the relationship between the state and the individual is a contractual one;VII) That social control can best be secured by law rather than command;VIII) Individual freedom in all spheres of life-political, economic, social,Intellectual and religious; |
|
|
Socialism |
- Strove to create a lot of equality. - Basic principles: Government planning greater economic equality.Especially the relief of the poor. And the state or communal ownership of property. - The main purpose was the improvement of theconditions of the people and at long last elimination poverty in all of itsmiseries. |
|
|
Henri Saint-Simon |
An optimist from the Golden Age who thought one should work according to abilities, Get ride of "Parasites" and make room for "doers" |
|
|
Charles Fourier |
- He was shocked at the inequity in the society inwhich he lived. There must be something wrong with society if there are suchdivergences of lavish luxury and total poverty. - He made an ideal and total utopia of socialism.He was a visionary, he thought and wrote about it but did not go out and pushit. - He rejected the wage earning industrial factorysystem, which he thought oppressed people. He wanted people to live inself-sufficient communes. |
|
|
Louis Blanc |
Thought of workers socialism which was: - Step 1: Workers gain the right to vote - Step 2: Workers use the ballot to gain control of thegovernment. - Step 3: Workers use the resources of the government toestablish worker owned cooperatives. - Step 4: Worker co-ops produce quality goods at a cheaperprice. - Step 5: Co-ops make goods and undersell capitalism,which would give birth to socialism. Socialism would then gradually andpeacefully replace capitalism. |
|
|
Pierre Joseph Proudhon |
- Socialist author of What is Property? - Answer: nothing but theft, profit that was stolen from the worker. Proudhon feared the power of the state and was often considered anarchist. - He was a French politician and the founder of mutualist philosophy. He was the first person to declare himself an anarchist and is widely regarded as one of the ideology's most influential theorists. |
|
|
Louis Blanqui |
- seize land then establish equality, ideas strengthened class warfare. - As a socialist, Blanqui favored a just redistribution of wealth. But Blanquism is distinguished in various ways from other socialist currents of the day. On one side, contrary to Karl Marx, Blanqui did not believe in the preponderant role of the working class, nor in popular movements: he thought, on the contrary, that the revolution should be carried out by a small group, who would establish a temporary dictatorship by force. |
|
|
Romanticism |
- A mood that stresses the importance of feelingsand creativity. The enlightenment stressed reason, while romanticism emphasizesfeelings, the heart, and intuition. - Roots in the 18th century in Rousseau - Rejects much of traditional authority and theconventional way of thinking and doing. - Thought about life as the utter destruction ofthe old and building the “New.” |
|
|
Johann Wolfgang Goethe's Faust |
- Based on an old legend of a venerable scholarwho sells his soul to the devil. It is a drama. · Was about a scholar that sells his soul to thedevil for some sort of favors. - Identity: Fjust is engaged in an identity crisis withregards to old age. - Experience: Variety vs. commitment. - Power: Faust has the power to get what he wants when hewants it. The price of that, though, is to sell your soul to the devil. This is a metaphor for what price are youwilling to pay for having power. By selling his soul to the devil he provesthat there is no price too high. |
|
|
Dialectical Materialism |
-political and historical events result from the conflict of social forces and are interpretable as a series of contradictions and their solutions. The conflict is believed to be caused by material needs. |
|
|
Class Conflict |
- Class conflict, frequently referred to as class warfare or class struggle, is the tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socioeconomic interests and desires between people of different classes. The view that the class struggle provides the lever for radical social change. - A conflict between capitalists: the owners of the factories and equipment, and proletariats: the industrial wage earning working class |
|
|
Hegel's Theory of History |
- We are to understand historical happenings as the stern, reluctant working of reason towards the full realization of itself in perfect freedom. Consequently, we must interpret history in rational terms, and throw the succession of events into logical categories and this interpretation is, for Hegel, a mere inference from actual history. - The widest view of history reveals three most important stages of development: Oriental imperial (the stage of oneness, of suppression of freedom), Greek social democracy (the stage of expansion, in which freedom was lost in unstable demagogy), and Christian constitutional monarchy (which represents the reintegration of freedom in constitutional government). |
|
|
Marx's Theory of History
|
- He sees human society as fundamentally determined at any given time by the material conditions—in other words, the relationships which people have with each other in order to fulfil basic needs such as feeding, clothing, and housing themselves and their families. Overall, Marx and Engels claimed to have identified five successive stages of the development of these material conditions in Western Europe. - Five stages were: private communism, slave society, feudalism, capitalism, and socialism. And this will lead to communism. |
|
|
Labor Theory of Value Marx
|
- The economic value of a good or service is determined by the total amount of socially necessary labor required to produce it, rather than by the use or pleasure its owner gets from it.
- |
|
|
Inherent Tendencies of Capitalism |
- The tendency for the rate of profit to fall in a capitalist system |
|
|
Monopoly/Oligopoly |
- Monopoly: Domination of a market by a singleseller. - Oligopoly: Domination of a market by a couplesellers. |
|
|
Dictatorship of the Proletariat |
- A state in which the proletariat, or the working class, has control of political power.
|
|
|
Nationalism |
- Idea that grows from liberty, equality, and fraternity. It is kinship among people from the same place. - The nation and its people are in a unity of oneness. - This served as a collective, shared, group identity. - That group identity expresses itself by the dynamic of “us” vs. “them” |
|
|
Louis Napoleon/Napolean III |
- Louis Napoleon believed that the government should represent the people and should try to help them economically. The problem as he saw it was that parliaments and political parties represented special interests, particularly the middle classes. - Nationalism was thus a philosophy as well as a process conceived and directed by leaders of a political state wishing to expand territorial and demographic sovereignty. Moreover, nationalism made peasants want to fight for France and learn the French language, thus transforming them into citizens of a republic. |
|
|
Camillo Cavour |
- An Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. He was the founder of the original Liberal Party - He supported Napoleons intention to intervene militarily in Italy in the near future. - The example of Cavour's Realpolitik, where a monarchical state effectively exploited nationalism to secure an expansion of its territories albeit at the cost of some slight compromises with liberalism, may well have been emulated in ways by Bismarck in his own career of sponsoring "Prussian consolidation" leading up to the formation of the second German Empire in 1870-1. |
|
|
Guiseppe Garibaldi |
- Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian general and politician who played a large role in the history of Italy. - Giuseppe Garibaldi is best known for his military leadership in the unification of Italy in the 19th century. |
|
|
Otto von Bismarck |
- He wanted to unite all of the independent states inGermany into the state of Prussia with him as the ruler. |
|
|
"Iron and Blood" |
- States should not be formed together bydemocracy or Parliament but through Iron and Blood. - This has become a part of their collectiveidentity reference. A German devotion to strength and power. |
|
|
Imperialism |
- It is the domination of one group over another. - It has both constructive and destructiveaspects: i.e. European Imperialism |
|
|
John A. Hobson |
- Wrote Imperialism
- Thought capitalism was bad. - Thought it led to: inadequate and uneven distribution of wealth: "Over-saving” by the rich because of a lack ofnew opportunities for profitable investment: "Under consumption” of the poor or massesbecause of their poverty: Stagnation or stultification of thenational/domestic economy: Leads to a lot of excess goods in the economy.:Led to the need to seek external sources ofinvestment and profit from markets. - Hobson wanted to enact laws that undo andinhibit oligopoly and monopolistic economics. - He wanted to establish a truly competitiveeconomy. - Then over saving and under consumption would notoccur. |
|
|
Heinrich von Treitsche |
- A German intellectual - Thought along the same lines as Bismarck withIron and Blood. - “Great Nations in the fullness of their strengthhave desired to set their mark on barbarian lands. And those who don’tparticipate in this will play a pitiable role in the time to come. “ - One of the signs of a great nation is that youhave an empire. - Believed individual should sacrifice self for good of state |
|
|
Charles Darwin |
- Wrote On TheOrigin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. - Specimens that were more fit and competitive tosurvive would survive and would pass these genes on. - He thought nature was an intense competitivestruggle for survival. |
|
|
Social Darwinism |
- Attempt to apply Darwin’s theory to humansociety. It eliminated the weak from the gene pool. - Those who are stronger, smarter, more diligentwill enable them more effectively to compete. - The weak and lazy get left behind. Thiseliminates the weak from the gene pool. - Social Darwinism tends to oppose social welfareprograms. |
|
|
Joseph Arthur deGobineau |
- Wrote The Inequality of The Races - This was a collection of a vast amount ofliterature, and was based on a lot of work that pretended at thetime to be science. |
|
|
Polygenesis |
- Races have separate biological origins. |
|
|
Comparative Physical Anthropology |
- Some races are superior to others in areassuch as brain capacity.
- These both presented themselves at the time asscience, but modern science has completely rejected both of these as having anyscientific basis. |
|
|
Houston Stewart Chamberlain |
- Enamored by all things German and had a big viewof German superiority - “Vokish Nationalism” is the idea of Aryansuperiority. - Social Darwinism was used as one of the means oftrying to justify racial ideologies that one race was superior to another. |
|
|
Aryanism |
- The ideology of Nazism was based upon the conception of the Aryan race being a master race. The Nazi conception of the Aryan race arose from earlier proponents of a supremacist conception of the race. |
|
|
Eugenics |
- Selective involuntary sterilization was used tostop races that were considered inferior from reproducing. |
|
|
The Arrogance of Power Theory |
- The white race is the cancer of human history. - This theory argues against that Power rules the functions of mankind. |
|
|
Thucydides |
- Wrote History ofthe Peloponnesian War which was Athens vs. Sparta. Caused by the imperialistic behaviors of Athens. |
|
|
Median Dialogue |
- One of the members of the Athenian league wasthe island of Melos. - They were forced to periodically contributesupplies and money, which the Athenians were more and more using for their ownbenefit. - Melians wanted out of the deal, so Athens sent acouncil. Athenians denied them from leaving for fear that others would leave aswell. - The Athenians then said in response to the factthat they are oppressing them: The idea that to dominate others is the law ofour nature. And when a society has power, they will oppress others that areless powerful. - There is no such things as villains and victimsbut rather that there are some people that have power and some don’t. |
|
|
Faustian Bargain |
- What price are you willing to pay for power.This theory suggests that there is no price to have power over others. |
|
|
Friecridich Nietsche |
- He rejected the idea of rationalism, of histime, of his place and class and embraced irrationality. - He denounced the idea of social reform andsocial progress. - He proclaimed that life is absurd, uncertain,irrational, and unjust. He said there are no absolute standards of good orevil. - Attacked Christianity on moral grounds that itis based on wholly wrong moral principles. - He argued that God is just the suggestion ofhuman wishes. Said “God is dead.” |
|
|
Nihilism |
- This is not the end in itself but thepreparation for something new and dynamic. o The rejection of all of these values is just thefirst step to get to a different realm. - It is an act of liberation toward a higherreality. - Mounted by becoming a master of yourself throughthe creation of new values. - Wants you to cast off the traditional burdensand inhibitions and traditions and conformity. |
|
|
Nietsche Quote |
- “Whatever does not destroy me makes mestronger.” - “That which is on the point of collapsing shouldbe pushed.” - “Become what you are.”“Die at the right time.” |
|
|
Sigmund Freud |
- Maintained that human behavior was notfundamentally rational but that human behavior was run by fundamental,powerful, unconscious, irrational forces often of the sexual nature. - Personalities are shaped by these traumaticexperiences in infancy and childhood often times of a sexual nature. Theseexperiences have been suppressed to a sub conscious level. - Psychoanalysis: Talking cure. - Tripartite theory of personality: Ego: the organized, realistic part that mediates between the desires, Superego: Looks at the demands of others, Id: Irrational, passion, dark forces ofgratification and desire. |
|
|
Einstein |
- New theory on: The nature of light, The speed of light is a constant, and The structure of an atom.
- Time, space, and matter are objective realitiesthat exist independently of any observer - It is possible to gain a complete knowledge ofthe operations of the physical universe. |
