Hist Final

Front 1

Dutch East India Co

Back 1

establish first European settlement at Table Bay in 1652; only 1,000 European settlers in S. Africa in 1700.

Front 2

Khoisann

Back 2

only suppliers of fresh meat at the cape & demanded higher prices for livestock (led to war of Khoi/Dutch War in 1659)

Front 3

Trekboers

Back 3

to ‘pull (a wagon)’ because like other pastoralists they were often on the move living in their ox-drawn wagons.

Front 4

Mfecane

Difaqane

Back 4

"crushing”

“scattering” between the Drakensberg and Highveld

Front 5

Shaka

Back 5

former commander in Digiswayo’s army. Became ruler of Zulu in Natal region. Assassinated by half brother Dingane
 Won battle of Isandlwana & killed 1600 British

Front 6

Olaudah Equiano

Back 6

a prominent African involved in the British movement for the abolition of the slave trade

Front 7

Sierra Leone

Back 7

foundation and growth were results of abolition of slavery and slave trade
 Founded in 1787 as a settlement (of farmers) of 400 blacks from England

Front 8

Toussaint l’Ouverture

Back 8

began military career as leader of 1791 slave rebellion in the French colony of Saint Domingue
 Forced to resign by Napoleon’s forces to restore French authority in former colony
leader of the Haitian Revolution, led to establishment of Haiti

Front 9

Samuel Ajayi Crowther

Back 9

was one of the first students at Fourah Bay College in Sierra Leon

Front 10

Fulbé/Fulani

Back 10

cattle pastoralists migrated into Hausaland from the west during this period.

Front 11

Hausaland

Back 11

market city of Kano prospered under the Hausa King Mohammad Runfa

Front 12

Palm oil/gum Arabic

Back 12

a principal export of Igboland; trading obtained by British at the Berlin Conference

Front 13

African Association

Back 13

a British club dedicated to explore West Africa, with mission of discovering origin & course of the Niger River & location of Timbuktu, the “lost city” of gold

Front 14

Mungo Park

Back 14

a Scottish explorer of African continent—wrote Travels into Interior of Africa

Front 15

Napoleon/1798

Back 15

invasion succeeded but his occupation of Egypt failed, was opposed by Britain & Ottoman empire

Front 16

Mamluks

Back 16

Turkish slave horsemen; Egypt under Mamluk was a powerful military dictatorship

Front 17

Muhammad Ali

Back 17

africa

Front 18

Established between 1804 and 1809 Usman dan Fodio pursued a “jihad” against the Hausa city-states and established the ________

Back 18

Sokoto Caliphate

Front 19

Abd al-Qadir (Algeria)

Back 19

gifted and energetic young Marabout (holy man) from western Algeria
 Used stimulus of Jihad to unite Arab-Berber clans and Muslim brotherhoods of Algeria into a single powerful Islamic state
 Exploited local rivalries and promised support; captured and exiled in 1947

Front 20

Al-Hajj Umar Tal

Back 20

attacked the French at Medine in Senegal River & moved west
 Died fighting Muslims on middle Niger succeeded by his Son Ahmad A Kabir

Front 21

Abdel-Kader Mademba

Back 21

is grandson of Al-Hajj Umar Tal, was only African subject to reach the Rank of major in the French Army before World War II.

Front 22

Cecil Rhodes

Back 22

made diamond fortune by investing in the Transvaal Gold mining industry

Front 23

Suez Canal

Back 23

opening of canal Egypt’s trade was dominated by European shipping; financed by France and Egypt
 Al-Nasir seized Suez Canal from French and his victory/Suez war ended the domination of British & French

Front 24

Kimberley

Back 24

contained huge quantities of diamonds (known as diamond mine); Employed 50K black workers & gave cash economy

Front 25

Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi

Back 25

a religious leader of the Samaniyya order in Sudan who proclaimed himself as the Mahdi or messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith

Front 26

Samori Touré

Back 26

was France’s formidable military opponent in western Africa; Ordered “Scorched-earth” as he conducted tactical withdrawal from capital Bissandugu

Front 27

Rand

Back 27

is the name of the urban eastern part of the Witwatersrand that is functionally merged with the Johannesburg conurbation.
 -settled by Europeans after a gold-bearing reef discovered in 1886 and sparked the gold rush that gave rise to the establishment of Johannesburg.

Front 28

Conference of Berlin (1884/5)

Back 28

an attempt for European leaders to add an International European agreement to the carving-up of Africa
 -Recognized Leopold’s so-called International Association as authority in Congo
 -Return Belgian King agreed to allow Europeans traders/missionaries free access to area
 European claim to any part of Africa would be recognized by other European governments

Front 29

Lobengula

Back 29

tricked into signing his kingdom to Rhode’s agents which gave them a free hand to exploit the minerals

Front 30

Kevin Shillington estimated that the Germans killed about 64,000 _______ in the colony of German South West Africa in 1904-05.

Back 30

Herero

Front 31

Paul Kruger

Back 31

Transvaal President deliberated a policy of taxing the mining industry heavily in order to benefit his political supporters, the rural Boers----Imposed a heavy cost on the British-dominating mining industry
-was State President of the South African Republic (Transvaal). He gained international renown as the face of Boer resistance against the British during the South African or Second Boer War

Front 32

Tippu Tip

Back 32

dominated Lualaba/Lomani region covered 1/3 of Leopold’s Congo state
 Threw his allegiance to Zanzibar and accept governorship of Free State’s eastern province

Front 33

Adwa (Adowa)

Back 33

a battle - Ethiopian victory over the Italians saved Ethiopia from European colonial conquest during the era of “Scramble for Africa”

Front 34

Ras Tafari

Back 34

(movement & ideology meaning way of life) (Haile Selassie- former and final Emperor of Ethiopia) denied the Eritreans even this limited level of political independence by annexing Erithrea as Province of Ehtiopia in 1962

Front 35

Ottoman Empire

Back 35

took control of North Africa all the way to Morocco in 16th Century until Napoleon invaded African in 1798. It was not able to spread its control to eastern coast of Africa nor into the Sahara.

Front 36

Firestone Rubber Co.

Back 36

biggest plantations in Liberia

Front 37

King Leopold

Back 37

& his “Congo Free States” brutally exploited peoples resources of Congo & ruled as his fiefdom from 1885- 1908

Front 38

Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck

Back 38

engaged by National African Co & competitors (Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Portugal)
 Not to be excluded from trading areas of Niger & Congo

Front 39

Maji Maji

Back 39

-violent African resistance to colonial rule in the German colony of East Africa/(cotton)
-sprinkled bodies with magic water

Front 40

Elliot Kamwana

Back 40

preached “second coming” which would liberate all of Africa

Front 41

egwugwu

Back 41

a masquerader who impersonates one of the ancestral spirits of the village; council of spirits

Front 42

Agbala

Back 42

priestess, woman; also used of a man who has taken no title

Front 43

Ikemefuna

Back 43

Okonkwo’s step son, Son of Ogbuefi Udo, who killed girl

Front 44

ogbanje

Back 44

spirit of children who repeatedly dies and returns to its mother to be reborn, a changeling child

Front 45

osu

Back 45

servile outcasts, dedicated to the gods;

Front 46

Okonkwo

Back 46

father of Nwoye, his land called Mbanta. Killed himself after he did not get support from his clansmen for killing a man during a funeral

Front 47

Efforts to gain freedom from British rule, members of the Kikuyu, Embu, Meru & Kamba took oaths of unity & secrecy so-called ______________

Back 47

Mau Mau

Front 48

homeguards

Back 48

informants

Front 49

Ngotho

Back 49

father of Njoroge

Front 50

Boro

Back 50

Njoroge’s brother who killed Mr. Howlands because he tortured his father

Front 51

Dedan Kimathi

Back 51

leader of the Mau Mau which led an armed military struggle known as Mau Mau uprising against the British colonial gov. in Kenya

Front 52

Jacobo

Back 52

black who had land, one of the wealthiest for owing land, landlord of Ngotho

Front 53

Tirailleurs

Back 53

riflemen, segregated from rest of the French military

Front 54

villages de liberté

Back 54

a term used by the French referring to forced resettlement of refugees produced by their invasion of West Africa, the refugees referred themselves as esclaves or captives de blancs (white)

Front 55

rachat

Back 55

system involved the French purchase of African slaves for service in the navy or later in the Tirailleurs Senegalais

Front 56

On June 7, 1940 a German officer killed his prisoner, ______________, for insisting on equal treatment with his fellow French officers.

Back 56

Captain Charles N’Tchoréré

Front 57

Blaise Diagne

Back 57

a member of the French National Assembly, was African leader most responsible for the French recruiting efforts in West Africa during World War I.
- Conscription of “Blood Tax”
 -Convinced the French parliament to approve law (Loi Blaise Diagne) granting full citizenship to all resident of the so-called
Four Communes in Senegal

Front 58

originaires

Back 58

citizen of the Four Communes

Front 59

evolués

Back 59

culturally assimilated Africans (literally evolved ones)

Front 60

die schwarze Schande

Back 60

“black shame” argument suggested French had deliberately selected colonial troops to occupy Rhineland in order to humiliate a prostrate Germany

Front 61

In When the Sleeper Wakes (1899) __________ speculated that by the year 2100 European governments would use black soldiers to quell civil disturbances in Europe

Back 61

H. G. Wells

Front 62

R, B, Cunningham Graham

Back 62

was a Liberal Party Member of Parliament, first-ever socialist member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Founder and first president of Scottish Labor Party

Front 63

Truganina

Back 63

last Tasmanian woman who saved Robinson’s life; skeleton is in the Tasmanian Museum in Hobart

Front 64

Georges Cuvier

Back 64

was a French naturalist and zoologist; establishing fields of comparative anatomy & paleontology

Front 65

Robert Knox

Back 65

prominent Edinburgh Physician, reputation was damaged with murders of Burke and Hare (cadavers for dissection)

Front 66

Zinder

Back 66

an Algerian uprising at Setif, two Europeans started rumor about impending African uprising inspired by Algerians
- Rebels attack the White Fathers, the hotel in Zinder and all Europeans they could find

Front 67

Carrier Corps

Back 67

was a military organization created in Kenya in World War I to provide military labour to support the British campaign against the German Military forces in East Africa, commanded by Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck.

Front 68

marketing boards

Back 68

created by many producers to try to market their product and increase consumption and thus prices.

Front 69

In 1944 Charles de Gaulle made promises at a Free French Conference at Brazzaville, which amounted to the French version of the _____________ of 1941.

Back 69

Atlantic Charter

Front 70

Lord Frederick Lugard

Back 70

a former Governor of Nigeri; he formulated British “indirect rule” in his book “The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa”

Front 71

Group Areas Act

Back 71

was title of 3 acts of Parliament of South Africa enacted under the apartheid gov. of South Africa
-The acts assigned racial groups to different residential and business sections in urban areas in a system of urban apartheid. An effect of the law was to exclude non-Whites from living in the most developed areas, which were restricted to Whites

Front 72

Kwame Nkrumah

Back 72

Leader of Ghana
emerged powerful spokesman against colonialism when he condemned British troops opening fire on peaceful protest of military veterans.
 -became Prime minister of the Gold Coast with internal self-government
 -Convenes the All-African Peoples Conference in Accra, Ghana with Egypt’s President Abdel Nasser

Front 73

Leopold Senghor

Back 73

broke away from RDA to fund the Bloc Democratique Sengalais (BDS). BDS won Senegalese seats to the French National Assembly
 -Poet & philosopher of Negritute cultural movement emphasized Africans equality with Europeans
 -Warned of dangers of Africans becoming assimilated into French culture

-for two decades served as the first president of Senegal

Front 74

Afrikaners

Back 74

used by the descendants of 17th & 18th century Dutch settlers, formerly referred as Boers

Front 75

African National Congress (ANC)

Back 75

a multiracial organization goal to establish equal rights for Africans

Front 76

Jomo Kenyatta

Back 76

secretary of Kikuyu Central Association, he campaigned for reform of colonial system particularly with land, labor and acts of racial discrimination. KCA called for repeal of Crowns Land Ordinance of 1915
 -leader of KAU- involved in a rebellion and sentenced for 7 yrs life in prison
 -Achieves internal self-government from Britain

Front 77

Abdal Nasser

Back 77

seizes power in Egypt; British troops are removed from Egypt & Naser is elected Egypt’s first president
 -Nationals the Suez Canal and the British, French, and Israelis invade the Suez Canal Zone

Front 78

Katanga

Back 78

secedes as an independent nation from the former Belgian Congo under Moishe Tshombe

Front 79

Patrice Lumumba

Back 79

Congolese Prime minister

Front 80

Mobutu Sese Seko

Back 80

murdered Patrice Lumumba w/assistance of Belgian intelligence officers while in Katanga detention

Front 81

Organization of African Unity (OAU)

Back 81

signed by heads of 30 African states in Addis Ababa, creating the first inter-governmental African organizing body.

Front 82

Ian Smith

Back 82

resists British pressure and declares Unilateral Independence (UDI) for whites-only Southern Rhodesia in order to stop the movement toward majority rule
-prime minister of Rhodesia

Front 83

Robert Mugabe

Back 83

President of Zimbabwe and leader of the guerrilla movements against white-minority rule
 -Rose to prominence as Secretary General of Zimbabwe African National Union during conflict against the white-minority of Ian Smith

Front 84

Pan African Congress

Back 84

was a series of seven meetings to address issues facing Africa as a result of European colonization; gained reputation as peace maker for decolonization in Africa & West Idies

Front 85

Nigerian-Biafran War

Back 85

was a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the Southeastern provinces in Niger as the self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra (conflict was over economic, ethnic, cultural, religion)

Front 86

Yusuf Dadoo

Back 86

Leader of Defiance Campaign and defendant at Treason Trail in 1956
-Muslim Indian South African communist

Front 87

Desmond Tutu

Back 87

a South African social rights activist and retired Anglican bishop

Front 88

Umkhonto we Sizwe

Back 88

“Spear of the Nation” an underground military wing which launched a sabotage campaign

Front 89

Jonas Savimbi

Back 89

an Angolan political and military leader. Founded and led UNITA a movement that first waged a guerrilla war against Portuguese colonial rule then confronted the rival MPLA during the decolonization conflict

Front 90

South-West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO)

Back 90

began its long campaign of guerrilla activity against the occupying forces of South Africa

Front 91

40 Committee

Back 91

prevent victory by Soviet-backed forces in Angola; approved forwarding of arms to Savimbi and formation of interagency working groups

Front 92

Phoenix Program

Back 92

agency’s terrorist program in Vietnam

Front 93

Mangosuthu Buthelezi

Back 93

former prime minister of Zululand and South African Zulu politician who founded the Inkatha Freedom Party in 1975

Front 94

Sharpeville

Back 94

protest at the new Pass Laws which limited the movement of blacks, killing 69 of them-- in which police opened fire on men, women, and children

Front 95

Holden Roberto

Back 95

founded and led the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)

Front 96

People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)

Back 96

early beginnings of the socialist guerrilla independence movement, based in northern Congo, led by Agostinho Neto then Jose Eduardo Dos Santos takes over

Front 97

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

Back 97

was founded in Lagos; preferred to concentrate on gradually increasing regional economic cooperation, starting transport and telecommunications & greater financial and commercial interchange

Front 98

ujamaa

Back 98

concept formed the basis of Julius Nyerere’s social and economic development policies in Tanzania after it gained independence from Britain in 1961.

Front 99

IMF/World Bank

Back 99

are twin intergovernmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and financial order

Front 100

Charles Mangnin

Back 100

wrote La Force Noire arguing for the use of African soldiers in the French army