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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Siege of Atlanta
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FACTS: Sherman lays siege on Atlanta. After a month Gen Hood surrenders, declared Union victory
SIG: Boosts Northern morale, helps reelection of Lincoln, gain control of Southern railways, begins Sherman's March to the Sea |
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Sherman's March to the Sea
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FACT: Sherman marched from Atlanta to Savannah from November - December 1864, physical destruction, total war, freed slaves behind his army
SIG: Destroyed civilian morale and Southern infrastructure, societies warring against each other, political war |
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Loss of Will Thesis
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Explanation for why the South lost the war, taxation/conscription/hardship ("rich man's war and poor man's fight") sapped Southerner's will to fight. Not enough nationalism, psychological devotion to the South. Gallagher/Faust.
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Fort Sumter
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FACTS:
SIG: First military action of the Civil War, Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops and Northerners respond enthusiastically, triggers four more states to secede |
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Shiloh
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FACTS: Battle in Tennessee, Spring 1862, Union troops are caught off guard by General Johnson, most soldiers new, reinforcements sent from North the next day
SIG: Nation realized how bloody and long the war would be, Grant - nation not preserved w/o total conquest |
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Antietam
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FACTS: September 1862, Gen Lee advances upon North, first battle on Northern soil, bloody and inconclusive but Lee forced to retreat
SIG: Prevents Lee from advancing, no aid from Europe, leverage for Eman Proc |
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Total War
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FACTS: War on South's economic and social institutions that can only be won with unconditional surrender, Sherman's March, Emancipation
SIG: Transformation of war of limited aims to war between two societies, raised stakes - who wins gets to control the new social order |
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Contraband
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FACTS: If slaves are actively providing labor to Confed they can be seized and not returned
SIG: Push towards emancipation as a war policy |
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Self Emancipation
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FACTS: Blacks run away to the North or Union contraband camps out of their own volition
SIG: Inspired action on Emancipation, slaves either helping or burdening Union forces and couldn't be ignored |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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FACTS: January 1863, followed Confiscation Acts and Antietam, blacks are liberated and given protection by Union Army
SIG: Limited aims --> war to free slaves, Union armies now armies of liberation |
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Second Confiscation Act
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FACTS: July 1862, provided for immediate emancipation of slaves who crossed Union lines as well as implied they were property that could be seized
SIG: Expanded the scope of the war, giving blacks freedom and not just labeling them as property, paving the way for EP |
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NYC Draft Riots
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FACTS: Congress institutes Conscription Act March 1863, draw names in July, mob violence against rich people, Republicans, blacks
SIG: emphasized dimensions of class and partisan conflict in the North (Irish/Democratic) |
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Gettysburg
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FACTS: July 1-3 1863, Lee vs. Meade, largest number of casualties (50,000), Union Victory
SIG: Ended Lee's invasion of North, hopes for European rec of Conf, Northern morale boosted, Lee was trying to undermine North politically - political defeat |
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Confederate Nationalism
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Gallagher/Faust. Confederate soldiers contributed to civilian patriotism, based on system of white control and slavery, Southerners tolerated a lot for sovereignty, opposes Loss of Will Thesis
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Wallace Turnage
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FACTS: Born in NC to slave mother/white father, sold to Alabama cotton planter, tried to escape from slavery 5x and was finally successful by boarding Union gunboat but suffered hardships along the way, took odd jobs in NY/NJ but economic/personal struggle
SIG: Emphasizes fate of working poor freedmen, supports slaves freeing themselves idea |
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Wartime Womanhood
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Faust's argument - women were completely dependent on their husbands and "protected" until the war when they left and they were forced to take the inherently political role of slave masters. They wanted their protection back and therefore wrote their husbands to come home. Became political but preferred being "ladies" e.g. Richmond riots and Order No 28. Gallagher argues against this saying that ladies did support their husbands.
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"Southern lady"
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Referred to how elite white Southern women conceived of themselves - white and superior, but also dependent - men provide protection in exchange for control. Civil War tears apart this identity - slaves freed (wealthy planter class would never be the same), men went to war, couldn't run their households
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Robert E. Lee
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Most famous general of Confederate Army, Army of No Virginia contributed to patriotism in the South, symbol of nationhood/nationalism (Virginia summer of 1864), offensive strategy resulted in huge losses, surrendered to Grant in April 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse
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Frederick Douglass
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FACTS: Born into slavery in 1818 and escaped to freedom. Narrative in the Life of Frederick Douglass his most famous work. He became a national figure because of his powerful prose, and spent his life writing and orating against slavery and racism.
SIG: Douglass was a radical, approached the issue of slavery in a way many Republicans/politicians (e.g. Lincoln) were unwilling, such as opp to Compromise of 1870 |
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Stephen Douglas
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FACTS: Northern Democrat, articulated the debate over slavery with Lincoln in the Lincoln-Douglas debates, aspired to presidency, architect of Kansas-Nebraska Act
SIG: Proponent of the doctrine of popular sovereignty (K-N) Reconciled PS w/Dred Scott w/Freeport Doctrine - should be up to the residents to pass laws or not allowing slavery. Alienated Southern Democrats, led to the split of the party - he was their last shot at a unified Democratic Party |
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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FACTS: Born 1811, a Northerner, not a Southerner, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin - bestselling novel of the 19th century, response to Fug Slave Act.
SIG: UTC seminal work of literature during the period, energized abolitionists and enraged Southerners, made the issue of slavery salient to Northerners because of its popularity --> strengthen abolitionist cause |
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Edward Covey
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FACTS: Character in Fredrick's Narrative. Frederick Douglass is sent to him to have his spirit "broken," almost does but fights him and wins.
SIG: Fight with Covey is pivotal point of the narrative, and Douglass transforms from defeated slave to man determined to achieve freedom. Douglass opposite of Covey, who is cowardly - not only equal but superior |
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Free Labor Ideology
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White's economic independence threatened by system of slavery, upward mobility only possible if white man did not have to compete with slave, became particularly salient in debate over the western territories, ideological foundation of the Republican party, emerged from market forces in the North, NORTHERNER'S IDEA OF LIBERTY
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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FACTS: Born 1811, a Northerner, not a Southerner, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin - bestselling novel of the 19th century, response to Fug Slave Act.
SIG: UTC seminal work of literature during the period, energized abolitionists and enraged Southerners, made the issue of slavery salient to Northerners because of its popularity --> strengthen abolitionist cause |
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Edward Covey
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FACTS: Character in Fredrick's Narrative. Frederick Douglass is sent to him to have his spirit "broken," almost does but fights him and wins.
SIG: Fight with Covey is pivotal point of the narrative, and Douglass transforms from defeated slave to man determined to achieve freedom. Douglass opposite of Covey, who is cowardly - not only equal but superior |
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Free Labor Ideology
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White's economic independence threatened by system of slavery, upward mobility only possible if white man did not have to compete with slave, became particularly salient in debate over the western territories, ideological foundation of the Republican party, emerged from market forces in the North, NORTHERNER'S IDEA OF LIBERTY
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Pro Slavery Ideology
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Many dimensions. Economic - country's greatest asset and made South superior ("Cotton is King"). More importantly worldview - slavery natural order, basis of social stability, blacks naturally inferior, "must be a class to do the menial duties...you would not have that other class which leads progress, civilization, refinement" - Hammond
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Slave-Power Conspiracy
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Advanced by Republicans who believed in a conspiracy by pro-slavery elites to use their (disproportionate) influence in government to make slavery national and freedom sectional. Lincoln talked about conspiracy in House Divided speech. Used to gain Republican support in the North but also a legit possibility (Buchanan's election --> Dred Scott decision)
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Slave Society
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Consists of a society that is ordered by, inextricable w/the institution of slavery. Not only ordered economy of the South but its social structure, whites wield control over black population, in particular white male planter class - even ordered relationships between men/women - man as the master, the protector
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Thaddeus Stevens
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FACTS: Most famous Radical Republican during the Civil War/Reconstruction era. Helped draft 14th Amendment, plan to redistribute land, "waved the bloody shirt," proponent of "conquered provinces" - thought Lincoln too lenient
SIG: Influential in passing progressive legislation, fought for black equality and punishments for the South, maker of vision of what an ideal reconstructed South would look like and how it would succeed |
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Adelbert and Blanche Ames
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FACTS: Senator and governor in Reconstruction Mississippi, carpetbagger, Union general during the civil war. Blanche was daughter of Benjamin Butler, sophisticated, Northern
SIG: Themes - - Violence, chaos in South vs. progress, industrialism in North - Giving blacks political agency - Idealism, Radicalism, wanted to bring rights/education to negroes - Asks for fed troops when white supremacists begin takeover, Grant delays |
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Compromise of 1850
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- CA admitted as free state
- All other territories decided on basis of pop sov - Cancel Texas' war debts - Stronger Fug Slave Act - Eliminate slave trade in Wash D.C. SIG: Saved the Union temporarily (reduced sectional conflict), but ultimately contributed to its destruction - Fug Slave Act caused widespread fear/anxiety, publication of UTC, Southerners worry pop sov isn't strong enough |
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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1854 Declared fate of slavery determined by pop sov in the territories, directly against Miss Comp, contributed to formation of Rep Party/disintegration of Whigs/now sectional Democrats, heightened Northern fears of sp conspiracy, Douglas trying to make a Transcontinental Railroad
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Mexican Cession
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FACTS: Ceded to the U.S. as a result of the Mexican War/Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 1846 Wilmot attempts Proviso to ban slavery there, ultimately decided by Comp of 1850
SIG: Increased polarization over future of slavery in the territories, debate over which approach (pop sov? geographical?) |
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Missouri Compromise
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FACTS: Admitted Missouri as a slave state balanced by Maine as a free state, no slavery above the 36'30 line in the Louisiana Purchase, complicated - Alabama admitted as a slave state, need to balance
SIG: Congressional exclusion of slavery (one principle on how to deal), controversy b/c if Missouri admitted balance would be unequal, willingness to compromise even 30 years before war, ultimately repealed by Kansas Nebraska and Dred Scott |
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Fugitive Slave Law:
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FACTS: Part of the Compromise of 1850, slaves who ran away to the North would be returned to their masters, fed and state enforcement officials would need to help in this effort
SIG: Enraged Northerners, led to publication of UTC, cont to widespread antislavery sentiment in the North, didn't want to see slavery EXPAND, made North resp for enforcing slavery - bringing the issues home |
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Whig Party
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FACTS: National political party that existed from 1830s to 1856, members included Daniel Webster and Henry Clay
SIG: Transcended sectional boundaries, members existed on both sides of slavery question, became unstable when conflict over slavery increased, finally broke up after Kansas-Nebraska Act (many members went to Repub Party) showed how politics had become completely realigned, sectionalized, polarized |
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Dred Scott
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FACTS: Dred Scott moved to North w/master, married freed woman, then they moved to South and he sued for their freedom - did residence on free soil give him his freedom? Taney rules no - he is not a citizen, Congress has no authority to legislate slavery in the states, prop cannot be taken away w/o due process. Hoped to establish blacks' status as property but instead incensed North, intensified abolitionist cause, made radicals out of people who weren't before, turning point towards war. Country struggles to understand how West would be settled and Taney est that blacks basically had no rights at all
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John Brown
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FACTS: Radical abolitionists who thought slavery was evil and that slaveholders ought to die, led Pottawomie Massacre and raid on Harpers Ferry in VA in 1859 w/a small band of radical abolitionists
SIG: When he was hung became a martyr for the abolitionist cause, country divided over whether his actions were justified (martyr for freedom or deranged terrorist), embodied Southerner's worst fears, became a legend and hero in abolitionist and AA communities, PW intensified Bleeding Kansas |
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Bleeding Kansas
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FACTS: 1854-1858 in Kansas, both pro and anti slavery groups move to Kansas in hopes of est pop sov, proslavery drafts Lecompton Const which was accepted by Buchanan, anti drafts Lawrence, war breaks out between proslavery and "border ruffians," corrupted elections
SIG: Showed how unworkable the principle of pop sov was, precursor to the Civil War. Breakup of Dem party - Douglas did not support Lecompton Const but Buchanan pushed it through, corruption, led to strengthening of free soil ideology in North and lessening of support for mod Democrats like Douglas |
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Sophia Auld
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FACTS: Fred Douglass goes to live with Hugh Auld (in the North?) and his wife Sophia teaches him to read, however when Hugh founds out he becomes angry and Sophia transforme into evil slave holder
SIG: Literary sig - Sophia as symbol of how slavery corrupts, is inherently evil, Douglass showed through two extremes, realizes literacy key to freedom |
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Popular Sovereignty
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FACTS: Advanced by Stephen Douglas in the L-D debates, posited that states added outside Miss Comp should decide by referendum whether they should be free/slave
SIG: Seemed like compromise but caused fear, anger among both proslavery, antislavery advocates, Bleeding Kansas showed how it actually didn't work |
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Election of 1860
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FACTS: 4 way election between Lincoln (Repub), Breckinridge (Deep South Dem), Douglas (Dem), Bell (Const Union), South Dems demand fed protection of slavery in all territories - against Douglas' pop sov, Lincoln nom cause he moderate and clear on issue of slavery, Bell candidate of former Whigs/Know Nothings
SIG: Showed how politics had become completely sectionalized, breakup of Dems along sectional lines, prompts states to secede when Lincoln wins even though he promises not to interfere |
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Shrinking South
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FACTS: Fear that slavery would get pushed down into the South w/rise of Repub Party - economic catastrophe, equate Lincoln w/radicals (dangerous!), slave insurrections, federal regulations
SIG: Fear of fed oppression led Southern states to secede in order to protect slave society |
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Harpers Ferry Raid
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FACTS: Oct 1859 John Brown leads raid on Harpers Ferry w/interracial group of 21, expects army to materialize but it never does, found guilty treason and trying to incite slave insurrection and hanged
SIG: Intens South fears of slave insurrection, made issue seem pressing, achieved goal of getting attn for ab cause, Brown died a martyr for black freedom |
