High School Biology

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autotrophs

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organisms that can use the sun's energy directly are called autotrophs

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heterotrophs

Back 2

organisms that obtain their energy from the foods they eat

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chlorophyll

Back 3

the principal pigment of green plants

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ATP

Back 4

the most important energy storing compound that is used by every living thing. its needed for cellular activities like muscle contraction, protein synthesis

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light reactions

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the energy of sunlight is captured and used to make energy storing compound

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dark reactions

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do not need light, however dark reactions can occur in the light. The dark reactions use the energy stored by the light reactions to make glucose.

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photosynthesis

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takes place in the chloroplast. withing the chloroplast are saclike photosynthetic membranes that contain chlorophyll

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photosystems

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pigment molecules able to capture the energy of sunlight.

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accessory pigments

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absorb light in the region of the spectrum where chlorophyll does not and it allows more of the available light to be used

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photon

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packets of energy that travel in waves

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chlorophyll A

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the main pigment. the combination fo all of the pigments increases the range of colors that plant can sue in photosynthesis

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accessory pigments

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include chlorophyll B and carotenoids (group of pigments). they do not participate directly but pass energy to chlorophyll A.

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Calvin cycle

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a chemical building block called PGAL that can be used to make other organic compounds such as glucose. dark reactions provide the raw material to produce almost all the cell needs.

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glycolysis

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breaking down glucose. it breaks into oxygen, carbon dioxide and water... 26

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respiration

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the process breaking down food molecules to release energy. oxygen is needed for this process. takes place in the mitochondria

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krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

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the first set of reactions is respiration. this cycle doesnt produce a final end product, it is a continuing series of reactions.

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fermentation

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anaerobic process (no oxygen).lactic acid fermentation is when the pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid

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thylakoids

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membrane disk-like structures that are stacked together in larger structures that resemble stacks of coins. chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments are located in the membranes of the thylakoids.

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stroma

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the fluid-filled space surrounding the grana

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lactic acid

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produced in muscles during rapid exercise when the body cant supply enough oxygen of the tissues to produce all of the ATP that is required.. Your muscle cells rapidly begin to produce ATP by fermentation.

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alcoholic fermentation

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occurs in yeast. it produces alcohol. it is important to bakers and brewers. the carbon dioxide produced by yeast during fermentation causes dough to rise and forms the air spaces // air bubbles in beer and wines.