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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When does Emerging Adulthood occur? |
Between 18-25. Now widely thought of as a separate developmental stage. |
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What is another name for Emerging Adulthood? |
Young Adulthood (Youth) |
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During this time one is at their mostly healthiest with a strong immune system that can fight illness, disease, etc.? |
Emerging Adulthood |
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Very few people die of this during the emerging adulthood phase? |
Disease |
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This is fully developed during emerging adulthood? |
The pre-frontal cortex |
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These are at full capacity during emerging adulthood? |
Lungs |
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These are fundamental to health throughout the life-span? |
Diet and exercise |
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Those currently experiencing emerging adulthood can expect this? |
A longer life expectancy than previous generations. |
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Those who will experience emerging adulthood in the future can expect this? |
A shorter life span, due to such ailments as chronic obesity. |
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Previous generations had 4 or more children (8-9 were common). Why was this? |
High infant death rates, childhood illnesses, lack of proper immunization. Children were helps/workers for the family. |
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During early 20's in emerging adulthood this is easiest? |
Childbirth and pregnancy because estridol and testosterone are at their highest levels. |
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These are more frequent and easier in emerging adulthood? |
Orgasms. |
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During emerging adulthood one can get pregnant within what time frame? |
Within 3 months of frequent sexual activity. |
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Why is there increased sexual activity during emerging adulthood? |
Contraception is widely available. # of childbirths in this stage has declined though. More sex/less babies. |
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This is occurring worldwide? Why is the population still growing? |
Fewer babies are being born. 2. People are living longer. |
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1/2 of people in emerging adulthood has or has had this? |
An STI. |
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When do boys and girls reach full height? |
Girls 16. Boys 18 |
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Females have twice as much of this as their male counterparts? |
Body fat. |
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This is at it's peak for males during emerging adulthood? |
Muscle growth. |
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What is replacement rate? |
The number of births per woman that would be required to maintain a nation's (or worlds) population with no increases or decreases.. |
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What is the current replacement rate? |
2.1 births per woman. |
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This group is more likely to engage in risk taking behavior? |
Males |
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Emerging adulthood results in a greater ease in doing this? |
Taking risks of all sorts, not just sexual ones. |
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Why are emerging adults so willing to drive without seat belts, carry guns, and try addictive drugs? |
Because of the invincibility fable still being prevelent. |
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What is Edgework? |
Occupations, recreational activities, or other ventures that involve a degree of risk or danger. Males engage in this most often. |
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What are extreme sports? |
Forms of recreation that include apparent risk of injury or death and that are attractive and thrilling as a result. |
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What is drug abuse? |
The ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user's biological or physiological well-being. |
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What is drug addiction? |
A condition of drug dependence in which the absence of the given drug from the individual's system produces a drive-physiological, biological, or both-to ingest more of the drug. |
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These have a very strong positive correlation? |
Violence and drug abuse. |
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This can affect one's likelihood to participate in Edgework? |
Personality. |
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How many more females are there than males toward the end of the life span (75 and older)? |
2 to 1 females. |
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At birth there is more of this gender? |
More males are born than females. At 20 the numbers equal and later in life females become dominant because of the risky behavior males are involved in. |
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This is particularly common among those who die violently? |
Drug abuse. |
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In the US b/w the ages of 15-25, how many males die due to suicide, homicide, or a motor-vehicle accident? |
1 in every 100 |
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How many more young men than young women die by suicide or motor vehicle accidents? By murder? |
4 x's as many and 6x's as many |
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What country has the most violent deaths of any industrialized nation? |
The U.S. |
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This group has the most difficult transition into adulthood? |
Sons of a single mother. |
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What is the social norms approach? |
A method of reducing risky behavior among emerging adults that is based on their desire to follow social norms. Publicizes result to make emerging adults aware of the actual prevalence of various behaviors within their group. |
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What is the fear approach? |
A social norms approach that makes is scary to do a behavior. |
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What is stereotype threat? |
The fear that someone else will judge one's appearance or behavior negatively and thereby confirm that person's prejudiced attitudes. |
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Stereotype are based on this? |
Demographics and can be positive or negative. Ex: Asian women can't drive (negative). All firemen are male (not necessarily negative). |
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How can one prevent performance and behavior from falling into a stereotype threat? |
By being conscientious and aware of stereotypes. |
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This is informed by experience? |
Cognitive memory |
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What is "Self-Protective" self description in cognitive maturity? |
High in self involvement and low in self doubt. This trait is among the least mature emerging adults. |
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What is "Dysregulated" self description in cognitive maturity? |
One is fragmented, overwhelmed by emotions or problems. |
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What is "Complex" self description in cognitive maturity? |
Valuing openness and independence above all. |
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What is "Integrated" self description in cognitive maturity? |
Able to regulate emotions and logic. Considered the most mature cognitive category. |
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The personality patterns of adults of every age are affected bt the norms of this? |
Culture and by their social context. |
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In the US and Canada about half of the 18-25 olds are this? |
Children of immigrants or are native born adults whose ancestors were African, Asian, Latino or Native American/First Nations. |
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More than any other age group emerging adults have this? |
Friends with diverse backgrounds. |
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What is Romance (Dimensions of Love)? |
1. Passion 2. Commitment 3. Intimacy Love changes throughout the lifespan. |
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As one ages most being to classify themselves as? |
Complex and integrated. |
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The shift from self-protective and dysregulated toward complex and integrated occurs during? |
Emerging adulthood. |
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College graduates are know to do this? |
Smoke and drink less, eater better, exercise more, are happier and less likely to get a divorce. |
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What is a post formal thinker? |
One who has the ability to see multiple sides of a situation. |
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Emerging adults experience less depression than adolescents because of this? |
More become college graduates and have better job opportunities. |
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This increases during emerging adulthood? |
Self-esteem. |
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World wide emerging adults are more likely to experience this than during any later time? |
An episode of mental illness |
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What is the diathesis stress model? |
The view that psychological disorders are produced by the interaction of a genetic vulnerability and stressful environmental factors and life events. This has genetic and environmental components. |
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These disorders are more likely to appear during emerging adulthood? |
Substance use, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. |
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What is intimacy vs. isolation? |
Erikson's 6th psychosocial stage that emphasizes that human are social creatures. |
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How does intimacy progress? |
From attraction to close connection to ongoing commitment. Marriage and parenthood are only 2 of the several paths toward this. |
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These people are more likely to be involved in an emerging adults life than in previous generations? |
Parents. |
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What is co-habitate? |
To live with an unrelated person. Typically a romantic parter to whom one is not marries. |
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Most adults, before age 25, cohabit rather than marry in these countries? |
US, England, and Northern Europe. |
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These occur more often among those who cohabit rather than marry? |
Domestic violence and excessive drinking. |
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Married couples are more likely to divorce because of this? |
If they have lived together before marriage. |
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Far less than 50% of these end in divorce? |
First marriages. |
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What is senescence? |
A gradual physical decline that is related to aging and during which the body becomes less strong and efficient. |
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What is sensory defecit theory? |
Senses decline as we age. |
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As we age this becomes harder? |
Keep muscle tone and control fat. |
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This decreases by about 1% per year as we age? |
Collagen |
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By age 30 this occurs? |
Skin become thinner and less flexible. Wrinkles being to become visible. |
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By age 60 this occurs? |
All faces are wrinkled. Hair turns gray and gets thinner. "Middle-Aged" spread appears. Muscles weaken. |
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This decreases by late middle age? |
Height. |
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What can cause changes in body to occur more slowly? |
Exercise |
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These worsen as age increases? |
Vision and hearing. |
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What is presbycusis? |
A loss of hearing that is associated with senescence and that usually does not become apparent until after age 60. |
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Most middle aged people need these? |
Glasses |
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As one ages it takes longer to do this? |
Reach orgasm and become aroused. |
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What is the best contraception period for males and females with the least complications? |
Females--30 and younger. Males 40 and younger. |
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Pregnancy becomes much harder beyond this age? |
40 |
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These can affect fertility? |
Being overweight, being anemic, smoking, drinking, stress (aka lifestyle choices). |
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What is pelvic inflammatory disease? |
Can block egg and sperm from traveling through the fallopian tube. |
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What is menopause? |
The time in middle age, usually around 50, when a woman's menstrual periods cease completely and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops considerably. Strictly speaking, menopause is dated to one year after a woman's last menstrual period. |
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What is andropause? |
A term coined to signify a drop in testosterone level in older men, which normally results in a reduction in sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass. AKA male menopause. |
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What is hormone replacement therapy? |
Treatment to compensate for hormone reduction at menopause or following surgical removal of the ovaries. Such treatment, which usually involves estrogen and progesterone, minimizes menopausal symptoms and diminished the risk of osteoporosis in later adulthood. |
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When is less estridol produced? |
In menopause |
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When is less testosterone produced? |
During andropuase. |
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If a woman takes HRT for more than this period of time the benefits reverse and she becomes more likely to have heart disease, breast cancer and a stroke? |
More than 10 years. |
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In the US fewer people are doing this but it is increasing worldwide? |
Smoking |
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What is third hand smoke? |
Residue from smoke that attaches itself to surfaces such as clothes, curtains, and interiors of cars. |
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Drinking in moderation (2 drinks in one setting per day) is said to have the following health benefits? |
Reduces heart disease, lowers blood pressure and cholesterol. |
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What is a binge drinker? |
Someone that has 5 or more drinks in one setting. |
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What percentage of Americans are considered overweight? |
66% |
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What percentage of Americans are considered obese? |
33% |
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What percentage of Americans are considered morbidly obese? |
5% |
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This is considered the new smoking? |
Sitting |
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What are two things that will help one stay physically active? |
1. Have friends who are active 2. Live in an environment that is conducive to physical activity. |
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What is mortality? |
Death. As a measure of health, this usually refers to the number of deaths each year per1,000 members of a given population. |
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What is morbidity? |
Disease. As a measure of health, morbidity refers to the rate of diseases of all kinds-physical and emotional, acute (sudden), chronic (ongoing), and fatal- in a given population. |
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What is a disability? |
Long-term difficulty in performing normal activities of daily life because of some physical, emotional, or mental condition. |
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What is vitality? |
A measure of health that refers to how health and energetic-physically, emotionally, and socially-an individual actually feels. |
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Females on average live how much longer than males? |
5 years |
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What is the age gap between males and females in Russia and Nigeria? |
14 years and 2 years. |
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Women have greater percentages than males of all conditions expect this? |
Heart Disease |
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What is the number one killer of both men and women? |
Heart Disease |
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This gender is less likely to report health conditions? |
Males |
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This is considered the intellectual cognitive peak? |
Age 40-60 |
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Intelligence tests were developed for? |
The military. |
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This age group does not multi-task as well? |
Ages 40-60 |
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Lack of sleep can impair this in older adults? |
Memory ability. |
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What is general intelligence? |
A construct based on the idea that intelligence is one basic trait that involves all cognitive abilities, which people possess in varying amounts. |
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What is fluid intelligence? |
How quickly information can be processed. |
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What is crystalized intelligence? |
Reflects facts, skills, knowledge of all experiences to form complete knowledge. |
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As you age this occurs? |
Fluid intelligence diminishes and crystalized intelligence increases. |
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At what age range are fluid and crystalized intelligence even? |
45-50 |
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What are Robert Sternberg's Three Clusters of Intelligence? |
1 Analytic 2. Creative 3. Practical |
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What are Howard Gardner's 9 clusters of intelligence? |
1. Linguistic 2. Logical-Mathematical 3. Musical 4. Spatial 5. Body-Kinesthetic 6. Naturalistic 7. Social Understanding (Interpersonal) 8. Self-Understanding (Intrapersonal) 9. Existential |
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What is the Seattle Longitudinal Study? |
The first cross-sequential study of adult intelligence. K. Warner Schaie began this study in 1956; the most recent testing was conducted in 2005. |
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According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study the majority of capacities earlier in life are higher for this group? Later in life they are higher for? |
Males. Females later in life. Men stay higher in consistency and women diminish later in life. |
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What are Erikson's stages of adulthood? |
1. Identity vs. Role Diffusion 2. Intimacy vs. Isolation 3. Generativity vs. Stagnation 4. Integrity vs. Despair |
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How is Identity vs. Role Diffusion defined? |
Identity combines values and traditions from childhood with current adult social context. |
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How is Intimacy vs. Isolation defined? |
Intimacy is mutual, adults need to devote time and energy to one another. Isolation is especially likely when divorce or death disrupts established intimate relationships. |
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How is Generativity vs. Stagnation defined? |
Adults need to care for the next generation. |
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How is Integrity vs. Despair defined? |
The ultimate achievement is to be able to reflect on one's life and determine that it was lived with integrity. |
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What is generativity? |
It means to give. Take who you are and invest it into other people. Typically done with the upcoming generation/your own children. |
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What is stagnation? |
Means to invest in yourself instead of others. |
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What is life review? |
When moving into older adulthood one conducts a self-examination. Did I life responsibly? Did I make a difference? |
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What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? |
1. Physiology-Need to satisfy hunger and thirst 2. Safety/Security--Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable. Need to feel safe, secure and stable. 3. Love and Belonging--Need to love and be loved. TO belong and be accepted 4. Success and esteem--Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence and independence. Need for respect and recognition from others. 5.Self-actualization--Need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential. |
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What is the ultimate goal in Maslow's hierarchy of needs? |
Self-actualization. Other 4 needs must be met and satisfied first. |
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At what level do most people being in Maslow's hierarchy of needs? |
At level 3, Love and Belonging. It is because the first two levels are met for most in developed countries. |
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What is the social clock? |
A developmental timetable based not on biological maturation but on social norms, whig set the stages of life and the behaviors considered appropriate to each of them. Ex: By age 50 one should own a home instead of still renting one. |
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What is androgyny? |
A balance within one person of traditionally masculine and feminine psychological characteristics. |
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Regarding aging this typically occurs? |
Men communicate better when older. Women are more assertive when older. |
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What is the Big 5 (Ocean)? |
1. Openness--Imaginative, curious, artistic, creative, open to new experience. 2. Conscientiousness: Organized, deliberate, conforming, self-disciplined. 3. Extroversion: Outgoing, assertie, active 4. Agreeableness: Kind, helpful, easygoing, generous. 5. Neuroticism: Anxious, moody, self-punishing, critical. |
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The Big 5 correlate with almost every aspect of this? |
Adulthood |
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What is a social convoy? |
Collectively, the family members, friends, acquaintances, and even strangers who move through life with an individual. |
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What is familism? |
The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, in order to preserve family unity. |
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What is fictive kin? |
A term used to describe someone who becomes accepted as part of a family to which he or she has no blood relation. |
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People who are married are this? |
Healthier, Wealthier and Happier throughout the life span. |
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What percentage of people marry before age 25? |
15% |
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What percentage of people have been married at least once by age 45? |
85% |
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What percentage of marriages in the US end in divorce? |
50% (this includes more than just first marriages) |
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What is the divorce rate among African Americans? |
70%. Children handle it better than white counterparts though. |
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This group has a significantly lower divorce rate? |
African American military families. |
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This is the new cultural trend in developed nations? |
Fewer marriages but more divorces. |
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What are two ways to express generativity? |
1. Caregiving 2. Employment |
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What is the average age that most children have a step-parent for the first time? |
Age 9 |
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What is considered the "sandwich generation"? |
40-50 year olds who still have adult children that require care and are now having to care for their parents as well. |
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This group cares for their elders more so? |
Southern blacks |
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Being employed has these benefits? |
Less likely to get involved in substance abuse, abusive relationships, have fewer mental/emotional issues. |
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What is an allostatic load? |
The total, combined burden of stress and disease that an individual must cope with. |
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What is organ reserve? |
The capacity of human organs to allow the body to copy with unusual stress. |
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What is problem-focused coping? |
A strategy often used by younger adults to deal with stress in which they tackle the stressful issue directly. |
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What is emotion-focused coping? |
A strategy often used by older adults to deal with stress in which they change their feelings about the stressor rather than changing the stressor itself. |
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What is an ecological niche? |
The particular lifestyle and social context that adults settle into because it is compatible with their individual personality needs and interests. |
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From the age of 25-early 40's most people have how many different jobs? |
5 or more |
