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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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herpes
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(Greek) means "creeping thing"
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Herpetology
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one field of study for reptiles and amphibians
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Modern Amphibian Diversity
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Gymnophiona, Anura, Urodela
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Gymnophiona
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caecilians: legless, fossorial, found in tropical regions
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Urodela
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Salamanders
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Anura
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frogs & toads
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2 clades of vertebrata are...
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Petromyzontida & Gnathostomata
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Petromyzontida
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lampreys
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2 clades of Gnathostomata are...
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Chondrichthyes & Teleostomi
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Chondrichthyes
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sharks & rays
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2 clades of Teleostomi are...
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Actinopterygii & Sarcopterygii
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Actinopterygii
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ray-finned fish
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2 clades of Sarcopterygii are...
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lobe finned fish & Tetrapoda
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lobe-finned fish
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Coelacanths & lung fish, closest extant relative of tetrapoda
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2 clades of Tetrapoda are...
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Amphibia & Amniota
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Amphibia
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Frogs, salamanders, caecilians
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2 clades of Amniota
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Reptilia & Mamalia
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Reptilia
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Lizards & snakes (Lepidosauria), turtles (Testudines), crocodilians, birds (aves)
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amphibian characteristics
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non-amniotic eggs, tied to water for reproduction, moist permeable skin, 3-chambered heart, gills, skin, and/or lungs used for respiration
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reptile characteristics
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amniotic eggs, not tied to water for reproduction, scalely dry skin, 3 or 4 chambered heart, lungs used for respiration
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Actinistia
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coelacanths thought to be extinct until 1938
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Dipnoi
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lungfish, rely on lungs for breathing, gills reduced
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water to land skeletal
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rays of paired fins extend from central shaft of bones, fan of fin spreads out from fleshy lobe (Actinopterygii & Sarcopterygii)
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water to land Respiratory (lungfish)
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lungs homologous to swim bladder/lungs of Actinopterygii, chamber of lung divided into faveoli
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faveoli
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subdivision of lungs found in modern amphibians, lungfish & some reptiles
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closest extant fish relatives of tetrapods
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lobe-finned fish
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4 important organisms (among others) in the transition from water to land
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Eustenopteron, Panderichthyes, Tiktaalik roseae, Ichthyostega and Acanthostega
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Eustenopteron
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A lobe-finned fish. last fish that shares few characters with first tetrapods
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Panderichthyes
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A lobe-finned fish that shares many characters with first tetrapods
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Tiktaalik roseae
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An intermediate between fish and tetrapods
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Ichthyostega and Acanthostega
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The first tetrapods, development of digits,
(humerus, radius, and ulna in forelimbs, femur, tibia and fibula in hindlimbsmore robust in Ichthyo- and Acanthostega than in Panderichthyes & Tiktaalik) |
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Panderichthyes traits derived for shallow water living
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eyes placed dorsally on skull, no dorsal or anal fins
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Panderichthyes traits shared with early tetrapods
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bodies & heads dorsoventrally flattened, snouts long, labyrinthine infolding of teeth enamel, distinct paired frontal bones anterior to parietals, ribs project ventrally
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Tiktaalik roseae traits
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functional wrist joint, but fish-like fins, neck, no rigid articulation between pectoral girdle and skull
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Neil Shubin
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discovered Tiktaalik roseae, studies fin and digit development, demonstrated that genes coding for distal fin elements code for digits in terrestrial verts, genes turned on longer to develop digits
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fossorial
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burrowing
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3 amphibia clades
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Urodela, Anura, Gymnophiona
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Lissamphibia synapomorphies
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Moist permeable skin, ear anatomy, eye anatomy, pedicellate teeth, levator bulbi muscle, two pairs of occipital condyles
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amphibian skin
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cutaneous respiration, lacks scales, kept moist by mucus glands, allows for significant gas exchange across skin, poison glands common, Leydig cells
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Leydig cells
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help fight pathogens, not always successful (ex Chytrid fungus)
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amphibian ear anatony
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2 auditory receptors within inner ear: Papilla basilaris & papilla amphibiorum
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Papilla basilaris
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frequencies above 1000 Hz, arrive via stapes, stapedial muscle relaxes & stapes vibrates, opercularis muscle contracts & prevents operculum from vibrating
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papilla amphibiorum
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frequencies below 1000 Hz, unique to amphibians, arrive via operculum, opercularis connected to shoulder girdle, vibrations may reach operculum via girdle, opercularis muscle relaxes & operculum vibrates, stapedial muscle contracts prevents stapes from vibrating
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Pedicellate teeth in amphibians
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crown and base separated by narrow zone of uncalcified dentine (fibrous connective tissue)
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amphibian eye anatomy
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green rods (most verts are blue senstive)
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levator bulbi muscle
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muscle sheet beneath eye, contracts to raise eye, frees up space in buccal cavity
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2 pairs of occipital condyles in amphibians
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skull processes that articulate with first cervical vertebra, most verts have 1 pair
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Hyoid apparatus in amphibians
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supports tongue in food capture, facilitates tongue projection in some (salamanders)
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Amphibian circulatory
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3-chambered heart, similar to fish hearts, sinus venosus present, 1 chamber ventricle that pumps blood to body, atria divided into right & left chambers via interatrial septum (fish only have 1 atrium), as blood from each circuit returns to heart, blood kept "almost" separate by trabeculae
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sinus venosus
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chamber that receives blood from body
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trabeculae
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ridges lining heart, aide in keeping streams of oxygenated and oxygenated blood separate
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Urogenital (amphibian)
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Ammonotelism primary means of nitrogenous waste excretion in amphibians, ureotelism in more terrestrial forms, very simple kidneys (not great at concentrating urine), cloaca
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Ammonotelism
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release ammonia in urine, don't have to store it
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ureotelism
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ammonia converted to safer form, urea
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cloaca
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common exit structure for reproductive, excretory, and digestive systems
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Vomeronasal Organ (VNO) (in amphibians)
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sensory organ, well developed in many terrestrial verts, accessory olfactory system, sensory neurons run parallel to nasal fibers and go to olfactory tract but remain entirely separate, in amphibians VNO epithelium lines ventral nasal cavity, in other verts VNO opens to roof of the mouth
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Amphibian Reproduction & Development
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mesolecithal eggs with holoblastic cleavage, require water or very moist environment for some stage of life (embryonic & larval), primarily oviparous with indirect development (ovoviviparity and viviparity seen in some species)
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holoblastic cleavage
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cleavage furrows through entire blastula (vs embryo develops on top of yolk)
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mesolecithal eggs
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eggs with moderate amount of yolk
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oviparous
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eggs develop outside females body, lecithotropic
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indirect development
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undergoes metamorphasis
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ovoviviparity
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eggs retained within female, lecithotrophic, live birth
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viviparity
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matrotrophy, live birth, usually fewest young (1 or 2)
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lecithotropy
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nourished by yolk
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matrotrophy
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embryos nourished by mother
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Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma maculatum
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spotted salamander, solar salamander: Photosynthetic algae have been found inside the cells of a vertebrate for the first time, symbiotic relationship between A. maculatum embryos and single-celled algae Oophila amblystomatis,algae provides increased O2 to embryo & embryo's nitrogenous waste used by algae, originally thought that algae just surrounded embryo but in 2010 algae discovered within embryo cells
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amphibian larval stage
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typically aquatic, gills main gas exchange organ in all larval amphibians (& some adults), gills usually lost during metamorphosis, some larvae become cannibals
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amphibian larval polymorphism
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some larvae become cannibals, benefit: grow faster, cost: could be eating a relative
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Metamorphosis
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transition from larval to adult stage (not too dramatic in caecilians), may occur very quickly in some environments (less than 2 weeks in some desert species)
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Poison
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substance that is toxic when consumed or touched, amphibians are poisonous
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Venom
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toxic substance that is injected, typically through fangs, certain snakes and handful lizard species are venomous
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Amphibian Toxins
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Poisons secreted by poison glands in amphibians, glands may be distributed throughout skin (ex Dendrobatidae), or concentrated in one area of the skin (ex true toads, some salamanders)
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Types of Toxins
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biogenic amines, alkaloids
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biogenic amines
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neurotransmitters that affect predator's nervous and/or cardiovascular system, (e.g., serotonin, epinephrine, dopamine and their derivitives, E.g. bufotenin (5-HO-DMT))
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alkaloids
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affect neurotransmitters often via blocking (e.g., tetrodotoxin & dendrotoxin)
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Predator-Prey Coevolution: garter snake vs rough-skinned newt
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Taricha granulosa (Rough-skinned Newt) produces tetrodotoxin (TTX) disrupts Na+ channels on neuron membranes, Thamnophis sirtalis(garter snake) only vert known to have evolved resistance to TTX, Na+ channels shaped differently so TTX can't bind, snakes resistant where co-occur with salamanders & Taricha is more toxic where Thamnophis is found
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Predator-Prey Coevolution: caddisfly vs rough-skinned newt
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Taricha granulosa(rough-skinned newt)eggs contain TTX, deters caddisfly larvae from eating eggs Caddisfly larvae in ponds where newts lay eggs develop resistance to TTX, Even higher resistance than garter snakes
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Bufonidae toxins
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large parotoid glands in cryptically colored species, aposematic species (e.g., Atelopus spp, Melanophryniscus spp.) produce more potent skin toxins (tetrodotoxins)
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Bufonidae Melanophryniscus sp. toxins
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South American Redbelly Toads, toxins sequestered from diet (ants, mites, beetles)
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Bufonidae Bufo marinus (Rhinella marina) toxins
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marine toad, cane toad, huge size, large parotoid glands, no hallucinogenic effect
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Bufonidae Bufo alvarius (Incilius alvarius) toxins
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Sonoran Desert Toad, largest (native) toad in U.S. secretes large amounts of: 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), bufotenin, & DMT, potent hallucinogens, controlled substance as of Jan 2011, not as toxic as Bufo marinus but still kills dogs (& the occasional drug seeker)
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Dendrobatidae
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Poison frogs or poison dart frogs, neotropics, skin exudes lipid-soluble alkaloid neurotoxins, not synthesized by the frogs per se toxins sequestered from diet (ants, mites, millipedes, beetles), diversity of aposematic color patterns
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Dendrobatidae: Colostethus & Allobates
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least toxic, most cryptic
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Dendrobatidae: Phyllobates
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most toxic, aposematic, genus used for making poison darts
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Mantellidae
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Golden Frogs, endemic to Madagascar, convergent with Dendrobatids-toxins sequested from diet, (ants, millipedes, mites beetles), aposematic colors, although generally not as toxic as dendrobatids
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Mantellids and dendrobatids
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typically lose their toxity in captivity
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Salamandridae
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Newts & fire salamanders-skin exudes highly lethal neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin (TTX), many aposematic, Legend of the camp coffee
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Other Antipredator Mechanisms
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skin secretions in some anurans and salamanders are gluelike, glue the mouth of potential predator, (Batrachoceps attenuatus California slender salamander) (Plethodon glutinosus Slimy salamander)
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Population Estimates
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2 main estimates: Abundance & Density
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Abundance
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Simple counts of animals widely used in amphibians, anurans especially easy to census at choruses, call counts
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Density
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per area estimate of abundance; incorporates spatial component, but animals can move around & populations exhibit temporal fluctuations, accurate estimates of animal densities need to involve mark/recapture methods,
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mark/recapture methods
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animals are: captured, permanently or semi-permanently marked, released, recaptured, sometimes animals too difficult to capture on regular basis, may have to rely on less reliable method (line transect-used for amphibians when calling and some lizards & birds)
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capture tecniques
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drift fence, pitfall traps, funnel traps, box traps, any combination of these four
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Marking Methods
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Painting, Toe-clipping, Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tag, branding, Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE), Visible Implant Alphanumeric Tag
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toe-clipping
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toes are "clipped" off, used to be common method for mammals, amphibians, reptiles permanent, but invasive effect survival of animal depends on species. does not seem to affect survival of individuals where toe/limb loss is common (many lizard species), toes can be used for genetic studies
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painting
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easy, but often wears off, toxic to amphibians
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Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tag
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small transponder placed under skin or in abdominal cavity, works like bar-code scanner at grocery store
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branding
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used mainly on large marine mammals, some snakes
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Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE)
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fluorescent elastic polymer
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Spacing Patterns
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females generally spaced around resources:food, shelter, etc. , resources or females dictate spacing patterns in males, how males space themselves depends on energetic costs
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3 male spacing patterns
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scramble competition, territoriality, dominance hierarchy
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Scramble Competition
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males simply 'scramble' to be the first male to mate with a female (anurans, some snakes & lizards), energetic costs outweigh any benefit in defending an area, may occur at very low or very high densities, doesn't preclude male combat interactions (male rattlesnakes)
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Territoriality
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males defend area against intrusion, females can be territorial (usually to lesser extent), defending females and resources (food, shelter, etc.), (some salamanders, many lizards, crocodilians), better resources = more defense, usually at moderate densities, results in little overlap among home ranges
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territoriality examples
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Male bullfrogs defend calling sites, Southern Red-backed Salamanders-territoriality depends on quality of food resources
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home ranges
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area which animal spends most of its time during daily use, may or may not coincide with territory space
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Methods of estimating territory (home range) area
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1need method for repeatedly locating individuals, 2collect location data, 3plot data, 4estimate area covered
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method for repeatedly locating individuals
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mark-recapture, radiotelemetry
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collect location data
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should be in X,Y coordinates, latitude/longitude (avoid), Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
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Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
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metric grid of Earth, X/Y coordinates in meters, series of zones, X coordinate= # meters east of western zone line, Y coordinate = # meters north of equator, gps
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estimate area covered
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variety of methods, 2 most widely used: convex polygon, kernel estimate
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convex polygon
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area derived from peripheral points, calculate area of polygon, encompasses entire area animal found in, usually overestimates home range
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kernel estimate
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most animals do not use area equally (center of activity), uses nonparametric statistics to convert position coordinates into areas representing varying probabilities of use (i.e., kernels)
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center of activity
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some areas utilized more heavily
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Transitional Anuran
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Triadobatrachus massinoti shared a common ancestor with earliest anurans ≈ 365 MY
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Frog mating calls
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males use acoustic signals to attract females, vocal sac acts as amplifier of call, some call underwater (Rana palustris)
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Frog mating calls: vocal sacs
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wide variety in morphology
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call components
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frequency, pulse rate, call duration, call rate
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frequency
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call = sound vibrations, frequency = cycles that occur over a given period of time ("pitch"), graphically = spectrogram, can vary in amplitude ( energy of the sound)
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black=freq bue=amp |
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pulse rate
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sound is "pulsed" due to opening/closing of glottis, glottis also controls amplitude
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call risk
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calling may attract predators
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ray finned fish circulatory |
single, unidirectional circuitonly deoxygenated blood passing through heart
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sarcopterygii circulatory |
Beginning of double circuit circulation, artery of gill arch VI (posterior most) gives rise to “pulmonary artery” to lung, pulmonary veins from left & right lungs fuse to return oxygenated blood to the heart
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sarcopterygii heart |
Heart similar to modern amphibians,blood from body returns to right atrium (via sinus venosus), blood (oxygenated) from lungs returns to left atrial chamber (in some,
interventricular septum helps keep blood separate,oxygenated blood passed primarily through vessels where gills were lost, seeing the beginning of a double circuit |
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water to land skeletal transition pics |
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Temnospondyls
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an early tetrapod that share synapomorphies with Lissamphibia (modern amphibians)skull characters2 occipital condyles4 digits on hands
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Visable Inmlant Alphanumeric Tag |
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frog limb length and ability |
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