Herpetology Final Exam

Front 1

Where is not a place amphibians brood eggs?

Back 1

Armpits

Front 2

How does a snake move in low friction, shifting substance conditions?

Back 2

Side-winding

Front 3

In cryptodire turtles, the trochlear process for the adductor mandibulae is formed by the...?

Back 3

Quadrate

Front 4

Vocal communication is common between adults and juveniles in...?

Back 4

Crocodiles

Front 5

For reptiles with TSD: at temps that produce females what is the function of aromatase?

Back 5

Helps testosterone be converted to estrogen

Front 6

What is the function of lateral undulation during terrestrial locomotion of tetrapods like salamanders and crocodiles?

Back 6

To keep the center of gravity under limbs (triangle example)

Front 7

Describe the differences of venom production and delivery between rear fanged and front fanged snakes

Back 7

Rear fang: connected to Duvernoys gland (Colubrids)

Front fang: Compressor glandulae, muscles squeeze the gland

Front 8

Most common form of anuran parental care

Back 8

Egg attendance

Internal: female

External: male and female

Front 9

What is gastric brooding?

Back 9

Eggs develop in the stomach of the frog

Front 10

Lecithotrophy vs Matrotrophy feeding of larvae frogs

Back 10

L: yolk

M: maternal secretions

Front 11

What is the only type of care in salamanders and caecilians?

Back 11

Egg attendance

Front 12

What triggers tadpoles to metamorphose?

Back 12

Hormones.

Environment: photoperiod, temp, pH

Front 13

Hormones metamorohose pathways in tadpoles (2)

Back 13

Kidney: hypothalmus produces CRF (corticotropin releasing factor)> ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)>corticosteroids>T4+T3

Thyroid: CRF>TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)> corticosteroids> T4+T3

Hint 13

TSH: growth hormone

Front 14

Variation in life history developmental period (names and time)

Back 14

Scaphiopus: short. 8d. ephemeral pools

Spea: long. 4wks.

Pelobates: longer. 7wks.

Front 15

Patterns (Ia, Ib, II) of sex determination

Back 15

Ia: m cool, f warm (turtle, squamate)

Ib: f cool, m warm (tuatara)

II: f cool/warm, m intermediate (turtle, squamate, crocodile)

Front 16

Testosterone pathway in males

Back 16

5a-reductase (triggered by temp)> converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone>receptors on gonads> turn to male gonads

Front 17

Testosterone pathway in females

Back 17

Aromatase>testosterone>estradiol> turns into female gonads

Front 18

GSD vs TSD benefits

Back 18

GSD: produce even sex ratio

TSD: Charnov-Bull model: TSD enhances individual fitness

Hint 18

Charnov-Bull model: fitness of sons greatest in individuals that hatch from eggs incubated at temps normally producing males (and vice versa)

Front 19

Offspring fitness from parents born at certain temps

Back 19

Number of offspring increased from parents born in optimal temperatures.

Front 20

What is canonical meiosis?

Back 20

Normal, haploid meiosis

Front 21

What is premiotic endoreplication?

Back 21

Endoreplication prior to meiotic doubling. Sister chromosomes pair, no recombination. Diploid.

Hint 21

Asexual reproduction

Front 22

What is parthenogenesis?

Back 22

Production of offspring without fertilization.

Hint 22

Offspring clones of mother.

Front 23

Purpose of egg shells

Back 23

Mechanical protection, prevent water loss.

Front 24

Egg shell membrane types

Back 24

Flexible or rigid.

Crocs: wedge

Tuatara: triangle

Lizard rigid: rectangle

Lizard flexible: parallel lines (thick membrane)

Hint 24

Front 25

Nest differences in crocs, turtles, and gekkos

Back 25

C: rotting vegetation incubates eggs

T: burrows

G: glue eggs to surfaces

Front 26

Vivaparity pathway

Back 26

Ovulation> corpus luteum> progesterone> inhibits uterine contractions (prevents egg laying)

Hint 26

Stop egg laying

Front 27

Arrangement of extraembryonic membranes

Back 27

Chorioallantoic membrane is the site of gas exchange. It becomes the placenta (gas exchange with external tissues)

Front 28

Why are only squamantes viviparous?

Back 28

Develop at fertilization. In crocs and birds, develop in oviduct and eggs laid early in development. In turtles and tuatara, development is arrested shortly after starting and resumes after laid in the nest.

Front 29

Where is viviparity important?

Back 29

In cold climates. Safer to be inside mother.

Front 30

Intermittent organ in caecilians

Back 30

Hemipenis

Front 31

Spermatogenesis in salamanders

Back 31

Testes: seminiferous tubule. Connected to cloaca by vas deferens

Front 32

Oogenesis and pathway

Back 32

Ovaries are the primary follicle.

Ovary>oviduct>ostium>infundibulm> uterus> vagina> cloaca

Ovary enters tube: albumen (not in squamates) for egg laying in water

Shell added near bottom of tube

Front 33

What are sperm storage tubules

Back 33

For reproduction when male is not around

Front 34

Gastrulation

Back 34

Creation of GI tract. 2 layers into 3 layers.

1) first layer replaces second layer to become ectoderm and endoderm

2) second layer pushes between the top and bottom to become the mesoderm

Front 35

Nerulation and Pathway

Back 35

Forms neural plate.

Neural fold> neural tube> CNS (brain and spinal cord)

Front 36

Development final pathways

Back 36

Allantois fuses with chorioallantoic membrane, neural tube closes last. AER triggers limb and digit growth (paddle to digits)

Hint 36

Allantois fusion, neural tube, AER limb development

Front 37

How they hatch

Back 37

Egg tooth: at top of nose, calcified.

Pipping: hard shells, poke at shell.

Front 38

What is the genetic regulation of development?

Back 38

Homeobox genes.

How C5 + C8 + C6= thorax

Front 39

Reproductive cycle pathway

Back 39

Gonad maturation (spermato/oogenesis/vitellogenesis)> mating> fertilization> embryogenesis> hatching/birth> parental care

Front 40

Associated vs dissassociated gonadal maturation

Back 40

Associated: coincides with fertilization

Dissassociated: sperm storage

Front 41

Seasonal reproductive cycles (4)

Back 41

Aseasonal: one/many cycles: oviparous, tropical

Seasonal: discontinuous: oviparous or viviparous, temperate

Seasonal: continuous: viviparous, mountaine, south temperate

Seasonal: developmental arrest: oviparous, mediterranean, embryonic diapause (fertilized but development stops)

Front 42

Pace of Life Hypothesis

Back 42

Long lived animals: slow growth

Short lived animals: fast growth

Front 43

What is a first class fulcrum?

Back 43

Fulcrum (joint) between in-lever and out-lever (opposite directions)

Hint 43

Gastrocnemius: in-force

Front 44

What is a third class lever?

Back 44

Fulcrum at one end, in and out lever over top. (Same direction)

Front 45

Crocodylian legs and center of gravity

Back 45

Legs more underneath body, front limb and hind limb run together: small steps

Front 46

Turtle gait

Back 46

More of a tilt

Front 47

Frog jump method

Back 47

Muscles from vert column to urostyle and ilium straighten back> retract femur initiate jump> extend femur over knee to tibiofibula extend knee> extend from tibiofibula over heel to tarsus straighten the ankle

Front 48

What is rectilinear locomotion?

Back 48

Moves muscles on belly to caterpillar forward

Front 49

When is concertina locomotion used?

Back 49

To climb trees

Front 50

Aquatic locomotion types

Back 50

Amphib: cambered hydrofoil

Snake: undulatory swimming (tail does most of the undulation)

Frog: oscillatory swimming (move limbs to move forward)

Turtle: paddle left and right with limbs

-sea turtle: horizontal plane, figure eight pattern

Front 51

What are zygodactylus limbs?

Back 51

Two toes fused together (chameleons)

Front 52

What is gab bridging?

Back 52

Snake stiffens muscles and pushes self to further perch

Front 53

Dry adhesion: lizard vs gecko

Back 53

Lizard: toepads, mucus pores on pads, polygon epithelial cells

Gecko: lamellae covered by setae

Front 54

Parachute vs gliding aerial locomotion

Back 54

Parachute: verticle >horizontal

Gliding: horizontal >verticle

Front 55

Aquatic suspension feeding definition, compensatory vs inertial (salamander and turtle)

Back 55

Feed on particulate prey.

Compensatory: buccal cavity expands to take in water so food doesnt get pushed away.

Inertial: sucks in water and prey.

-uses depressed mandibula for water suction

-adductor mandibulae externis closes and pushes water out

Front 56

Tadpole feeding and upper & lower jaw bones

Back 56

Water exits through spiracles.

Interhyoid: cross, contract, and raise buccal cavity floor

Orbitalhyal: contract up

Upper jaw: palatoquadrate

Lower jaw: ceratohyal

Front 57

Non-projectile feeder: caecilian

Back 57

Retroarticular process.

Depressor mandibulae: open jaw

Interhyoid muscle: closes jaw

Front 58

Non-projectile feeding: turtles, pleurodire vs cryptodire

Back 58

Adductor mandibulae: closes jaw

Trochlear process:

Pleurodires- pterygoid bone

Cryptodire- quadrate bone

Front 59

Non-projectile feeding: crocodiles

Back 59

Depressor mandibulae: jaw open

Pterygoideus muscle: close jaw

Front 60

Non-projectile feeding: Amphisbaenians

Back 60

Median tooth: tooth in middle of upper jaw, interlocking teeth

Hint 60

Legless squamates

Front 61

Projectile feeding in salamanders

Back 61

Short: slap prey

Long: sticky pad at end

Hypobranchial apparatus

-Subarcualis rectus: tongue projector muscle

-Rectuscervicus: tongue retractor muscle

Hint 61

"Squeezes" tongue out

Front 62

Projectile feeding in frogs

Back 62

Hyoglossus: bulk of tongue

-Submentalis and genioglossus medialis: contacts and fires tongue out

Front 63

Projectile feeding in chameleons

Back 63

Entoglossus process wrapped by entoglossal muscle.

Hyoglossal muscle straightens as it is moved forward.

Front 64

Kinetic feeding (kinetic points).

Back 64

Mesokinetoc: behind eyes

Metakinetic: back of skull

Streptodtylic: quadrate bone, jaw freer

Hint 64

Lizards and snakes

Front 65

Snake kinetic feeding

Back 65

Scolecophidia: short jaw, narrow mouth

Alethinophidia: more kinetic, loss of joint splitting left and right jaw.

Front 66

Rhinokinesis (snakes)

Back 66

Move front part of upper jaw

Front 67

Construction vs Envenomation

Back 67

C: compresses circulatory system

E: beta-defending fight bacteria, cromatine venom genes

Hint 67

Hypothesis: venom evolved before snakes

Front 68

Duvernoys gland of a colubrid snake

Back 68

Rear fang connected to gland

Front 69

Elapid vs Viperid venom teeth and gland

Back 69

E: many teeth, adductor mandibulae externus

V: one tooth, compressor glandulae

Gland moved forward, muscle squeezes gland

Front 70

Venom gland of Gila monster

Back 70

Lower jaw, oozes venom into bite wound

Front 71

Types of signals

Back 71

Advertisement, courtship, aggressive, contact

Front 72

Types of sensory modalities

Back 72

Acoustic, visual, chemical, tactile

Front 73

Influences on signalling

Back 73

Body size (frequency pitch), physiological constraints, predation, environmental noise, visual noise

Front 74

Salamander communication

Back 74

Vomeronasal organ (picks up pheremones), territorial (fecal pellets), mating (chin glands), visual (back arching)

Front 75

Frog communication

Back 75

Acoustic (tympanic membrane), advertisement (antiphonal, overlap), aggressive, visual (color dimorphism, leg waving), chemical (tadpoles)

Front 76

Frog call frequency pathway

Back 76

Tympanic membrane> columella>amphibian papilla (low freq)> basilar papilla (high freq)

Front 77

Extratympanic sound detection in frogs

Back 77

Eustachian tube: middle ear> columella

Vibrates lungs

Front 78

What is conspecific calling?

Back 78

Females prefer same species calls

Front 79

Reptile communication: Turtles

Back 79

Epiplastron: used to immobilize females

Visual: head high, open mouth

Chemical: tortoises, subdentary glands (gopher tortise) pheromone secretion

Acoustic: aquatic turtles

Front 80

Reptile communication: Crocodiles

Back 80

Vocal: bellows, head slap

Tactile: head on back of female

More display

Juveniles communicate from eggs

Front 81

3 squamate chemosensory systems

Back 81

Olfactory, tastebuds, vomeronasal system

Front 82

Snake communication

Back 82

Well developed chemical sensors.

Tongue flicking.

Females release pheromones

Front 83

Squamate aggressive communication

Back 83

Bright patches on side of mouth, frill, throat patch coloration (more blue= more dominant)

Front 84

Charnov- Bull model

Back 84

TSD enhance individual fitness (fitness of sons is greatest in individuals that hatch from eggs incubated at temps normally producing males and vice versa)