Heredity

Front 1

The offspring produced from self-fertilization would remain uniform from one generation to the next.

Back 1

True-breeding

Front 2

What was the importance of Mendel using pea plants?
a. They came from the F2 generation
b. They produced different genes each time they fertilized
c. They are naturally, self fertilizing with their stamen (male) and their ovum (female)
d. They are really pretty and he wanted to see what different kinds of plants he could produce

Back 2

c.

Front 3

All of the progeny (offspring) produced __________ seeds from CROSS-breeding the yellow-seeded and green-seeded pea plants
a. green
b. yellow
d. blue
e. purple

Back 3

b.

Front 4

Among the offspring of the yellow hybrids, however, some plants produced _________ seeds and less common ________ seeds.
a. yellow; green
b. green; yellow
c. blue; green
d. yellow; blue

Back 4

a.

Front 5

The mating of unlike parents

Back 5

Hybridization

Front 6

Said of a breed or variety of organism in which offspring are uniform and consistent from one generation to the next; for example. This is due to the genotypes that determine the relevant traits being homozygous.

Back 6

true-breeding

Front 7

The process by which alternative forms of traits are expressed in offspring rather than blending each trait of the parents in the offspring.

Back 7

segregation

Front 8

Two alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation and are rejoined at random, one from each parent, during fertilization.

Back 8

Principle of Segregation

Front 9

In genetics, a characteristic that has alternate forms, such as purple or white flower color in pea plants or different blood type in humans.

Back 9

traits

Front 10

The union of egg and sperm produced by a single hermaphroditic organism

Back 10

self-fertilization

Front 11

A genetic cross involving a single trait in which the sex of the parents is reversed.

For example, if pollen from a white-flowered plant is used to fertilize purple-flowered plant, the reciprocal cross would be pollen from a purple-flowered plant used to fertilize a white-flowered plant

Back 11

reciprocal cross

Front 12

The offspring resulting from a cross between a parental generation (P); in experimental crosses, these parents usually have different phenotypes.

Back 12

first filial generation (F1)

Front 13

An allele that is expressed when present in either the heterozygous or the homozygous condition.

Back 13

dominant

Front 14

An allele that is only expressed when present in the homozygous condition, while being "hidden" by the expression of a dominant allele in the heterozygous condition.

Back 14

recessive

Front 15

The offspring resulting from a cross between members of the first filial (F1) generation.

Back 15

second filial generation (F2)

Front 16

In Mendels experiment, F2 plants exhibited both forms of the trait in a very specific pattern. What was the ratio of dominant to recessive?
a. 1:3
b. 2:2
c. 4:0
d. 0:4
e. 3:1

Back 16

e.

Front 17

What is the most descriptive ratio of the data found from F2 plants?
a. 1 true-breeding dominant plant; 1 not-true breeding dominant plants; 2 true-breeding recessive plant
b. 2 true-breeding dominant plant; 1 not-true breeding dominant plant; 1 true-breeding recessive plant
c. 1 true-breeding dominant plant; 1 not-true breeding dominant plant; 2 true-breeding recessive plant
d. 1 true-breeding dominant plant; 2 not-true breeding dominant plant; 1 true-breeding recessive plant

Back 17

d.

Front 18

The characteristic dominant-to-recessive phenotype ratios that Mendel observed in his genetics experiments. For example, the F2 generation in a monohybrid cross shows a ratio of 3:1; the F2 generation in a dihybrid cross shows a ratio of 9:3:3:1

Back 18

Mendelian ratio

Front 19

The basic unit of heredity; a sequence of DNA nucleotides on a chromosome that encodes a protein, tRNA, or rRNA molecule, or regulates the transcription of such a sequence.

Back 19

Gene

Front 20

One of two or more alternative states of a gene

Back 20

allele

Front 21

Having two identical alleles of the same gene; the term is usually applied to one or more specific loci, as in "________ with respect to the W locus" (that is, the genotype is W/W or w/w)

Back 21

homozygous

Front 22

Having two different alleles of the same gene; the term is usually applied to one or more specific loci, as in "___________ with respect to the W locus" (that is, the genotype is W/w)

Back 22

heterozygous

Front 23

The genetic constitution underlying a single trait or set of traits, total set of alleles of an individual.

Back 23

genotype

Front 24

The realized expression of the genotype; the physical appearance or functional expression of a trait.

Back 24

phenotype

Front 25

A diagrammatic way of showing the possible genotypes and phenotypes of genetic crosses.

Back 25

Punnet Square

Front 26

A single genetic cross involving two different traits, such as flower color and plant height.

Back 26

dihybrid cross

Front 27

A mating between a phenotypically dominant individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous "tester," done to determine whether the phenotypically dominant individual is homozygous or heterozygous for the relevant gene

Back 27

test-cross

Front 28

What would be the result if Mendel had chosen an organism that was incapable of self-fertilizing?
a. He could not have observed segregation of traits
b. He would have to create F1 heterozygotes from two different sets of parents prior to the crosses
c. He would not have been able to observe flower traits
d. The pods would not have contained different types of seeds
e. True-breeding plants could not have been created

Back 28

b.

Front 29

A Punnet square is a method for symbolic analysis of possible genotypes produced from a cross. How many columns will you have when crossing a heterozygous individual with a true breeding one, assuming the heterozygous gametes are portrayed along the left hand ("female") side of the table.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 1 or 2
e. it is impossible to tell

Back 29

a.

Front 30

Two heterozygotes (F1) were created which contain two-independently assorting traits and interbred. Of their total progeny obtained from a dihybrid cross which resemble their F1 parents, which fraction will be true breeding?
a. 1/16
b. 1/8
c. 1/9
d. 3/16
e. 1/2

Back 30

c.

Front 31

A dihybrid cross is performed with two independently-assorting traits. 2345 progeny were obtained in the F2 generation. How many do you expect to be of the same genotype as the F1 plants?
a. 321
b. 434
c. 586
d. 721
e. it is impossible to determine from these data

Back 31

c.

Front 32

After performing a test cross, one of the progeny demonstrates IS NOT true of that progeny?
a. It will be heterozygous
b. It will be true breeding
c. It will have recessive alleles for the gene under investigation
d. It will resemble one of the parents

Back 32

b.

Front 33

True/False F2 plants exhibiting the recessive trait were always non-true breeding.

Back 33

False

Front 34

Mendel was able to use pea plants as an experimental system to study inheritance because
a. There were many varieties with distinct traits that could be counted
b. They keep their seeds within a pod
c. True-breeding stocks could be developed
d. Two of the above made pea plants useful
e. All of the above made pea plants useful

Back 34

c.

Front 35

True/False A 1:2:1 ratio describes the genotype which arises from a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous individuals

Back 35

True

Front 36

How is it possible to use a monohybrid cross to illustrate assortment of the chromosomes?
a. You could do large numbers of crosses of one trait using many sets of parents and then statistically analyze the results.
b. You could do large numbers of crosses of two traits (one-at-a-time using monohybrid methodology) and statistically analyze the results.
c. You could do large numbers of crosses of three traits (one-at-a-time using monohybrid methodology) and statistically analyze the results.
d. All of these methods would demonstrate independent assortment of chromosomes.
e. None of these methods would demonstrate independent assortment of chromosomes.

Back 36

e.

Front 37

True/False A testcross always involves crossing a heterozygote with a homozygote.

Back 37

False

Front 38

The number of segregated gene pair is expressed as what?

Back 38

n

Front 39

How could you figure out the number of possible phenotypes using a mathematical equation?

Back 39

2^n

Front 40

How could you figure out the number of possible genotypes?

Back 40

3^n

Front 41

What letters did we use to express
(a) smooth, wrinkled
(b) yellow, green
(c) tall, short
(d) purple, white
(e) black, brown

Back 41

(a) S, s
(b) Y, y
(c) T, t
(d) P, p
(e) B, b