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6 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What causes heart failure?
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IHD
Cardiomyopathy Hypertension Valve disease Congenital heart disease Alcohol and drugs Hyperdynamic circulation Arrhythmias Pericardial disease Infections |
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What are the features of heart failure?
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Ventricular dilatation
Myocyte hypertrophy or apoptosis Increased collagen synthesis Altered myosin gene expression Altered sarcoplasmic Ca ATPase density Increased ANP secretion Salt and water retention Sympathetic stimulation Peripheral vasoconstriction Venous return decreased |
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What are the symptoms of heart failure?
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Exertional dyspnoea
Orthopnoea Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea Fatigue |
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What are the signs of heart failure?
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Cardiomegaly
HS3 HS4 Elevated JVP Tachycardia Hypertension Bi-basal crackles Pleural effusion Ankle Oedema Ascites Tender hepatomegaly |
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What investigations are carried out for heart failure?
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Bloods - FBC, LFTS, U and Es, troponins, TFTs
CXR ECG ECHO Nuclear cardiology Cardiac MRI Cardiac catheterisation Cardiac biopsy Cardiopulmonary exercise testing 24 hour ECG monitoring |
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What is the treatment of heart failure?
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Aim to reduce symptoms and improve QOL
Lifestyle changes - exercise, weight loss, reduce salt and alcohol, stop smoking Monitoring Diuretics - beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, Angiotension II receptor agonist, aldossterone agonist Cardiac glycosides - digoxin Vasodilator and nitrates Transplant, pacemaker or revascularsation |
