Heart Anatomy

Front 1

What are the components of the middle mediastinum?

Back 1

The heart, pericardium, lung roots and great vessels.

Front 2

What is the composition of the pericardium?

Back 2

Fibrous and serous.
The fibrous pericardium is strong, fuses with the roots of the great vessels belove and the central tendon of the diaphragm below.
The serous layer is smooth for smooth contractility.

Front 3

What are the two important sinuses located between the parietal and visceral layers?

Back 3

Transverse sinus.
Oblique sinus.

Front 4

Where is the transverse sinus?

Back 4

It is located between the pulmonary trunk and aorta anteriorly and the superior vena cava and the LA posteriorly.

Front 5

Where is the oblique sinus?

Back 5

It is behind the LA. It is bounded by the inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins.

Front 6

What is the blood supply to the pericardium?

Back 6

From the pericardiacophrenic branches of the internal thoracic arteries.

Front 7

What is the nerve supply to the pericardium?

Back 7

The phrenic nerve.

Front 8

What makes up the anterior surface of the heart?

Back 8

It comprises the RA, AV groove, RV and a small strip of left ventricle and the auricle of the RA.

Front 9

What makes up the inferior surface of the heart?

Back 9

RA, AV groove and both ventricles.

Front 10

What makes up the posterior surface of the heart?

Back 10

LA and the four pulmonary veins.

Front 11

Name 6 important structures in the RA.

Back 11

Coronary sinus in lowest part.
Auricle (projects to the L of the SVC.
Sulcus terminalis - vertical groove on outside which corresponds to the crista terminalis.
Crista terminalis - muscular ridge separating smooth atrium from the rest
Musculi pectinati - horizantal ridges of muscle on inside of atrium
Foss ovalis - depression in the interatrial septum, remnant of the forman ovale.

Front 12

What is the chordae tendinae (in the RV)?

Back 12

The edges of the valve cusps of the tricuspid valve are attached to tendons which attach to papillary muscles.

Front 13

What are the trabeculae carneae (in the RV)?

Back 13

Muscular bundles in the wall of the RV.

Front 14

What is the infundibulum (in the RV)?

Back 14

The smooth-walled outflow tract of the right ventricle.

Front 15

What is the vestibule?

Back 15

The smooth-walled part of the left ventricle which is located below the aortic valve and constitutes the outflow tract.

Front 16

How does a cardiac tamponade form?

Back 16

Following thoracic trauma, blood collects in the pericardial space.

Front 17

What is Beck's triad for cardiac tamponade?

Back 17

Shock
Distended neck veins
Muffled/absent heart sounds

Front 18

What is the complication of cardiac tamponade?

Back 18

Death.
It is fatal unless treated.
Need immediate pericardial decompression.

Front 19

What causes mitral stenosis?

Back 19

Commonly associated with previous rheumatic fever.

Front 20

What are the features of mitral stenosis?

Back 20

Loud opening snap in early diastole (caused by opening of mitral valve).
Mid-diastolic murmur (caused by turbulent flow across stenotic mitral valve during ventricular filling).

Front 21

What is an acute cause of mitral regurgitation?

Back 21

Rupture of the chordinae tendinae following MI.

Front 22

What are the features of MR?

Back 22

Pansystolic murmur, caused by the regurgitant flow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium during systole.

Front 23

What is the cause of AS?

Back 23

Caused mostly by arteriosclerotic degeneration of the valve OR congenital valvular abnormality.

Front 24

What are the features of AS?

Back 24

Low-volume pulse.
Ejection systolic murmur.

Front 25

What are the featurse of aortic regurgitation?

Back 25

Water-hammer pulse (due to increase in pulse pressure) and high-pitched early diastolic murmur.

Front 26

What is the origin of the LCA?

Back 26

Arises from the aortic sinus immediately above the left posterior cusp of the aortic valve.

Front 27

What is the origin of the RCA?

Back 27

Arises from the aortic sinus immediately above the anterior cusp of the aortic valve.

Front 28

Which artery supplies the left ventricle in the majority of people?

Back 28

The anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery.

Front 29

Which artery supplies the left ventricle in a minority of people?

Back 29

The posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery.

Front 30

Which artery normally supplies the SA node?

Back 30

Nodal branch of RCA.

Front 31

Which artery sometimes supplies the SA node in a minority of people?

Back 31

Nodal branch of the LCA.

Front 32

Which artery normally supplies the AV node?

Back 32

RCA

Front 33

Which artery sometimes supplies the AV node in a minority of people?

Back 33

LCA

Front 34

What do the great, middle and small cardiac veins drain into?

Back 34

They drain into the RA through the coronary sinus.

Front 35

Which artery does the great cardiac vein pair with?

Back 35

Follows the anterior interventricular pranch of the LCA.

Front 36

Which artery does the middle cardiac vein pair with?

Back 36

Follows the posterior interventricular artery (made from the anastamoses of the LCA and RCA)

Front 37

Which artery does the small cardiac vein pair with?

Back 37

Follows the marginal artery of the RCA.

Front 38

What are the venae cordis minimi?

Back 38

Small veins which drain directly into the cardiac chambers.

Front 39

What are the anterior cardiac veins?

Back 39

Small veins which cross the AV groove to drain directly into the RA.

Front 40

Where is the SA node located?

Back 40

Situated near the top of the crista terminalis.

Front 41

Where is the AV node?

Back 41

Lies in the interatrial septum just above the opening of the coronary sinus.

Front 42

In what layer of the heart are the Purkinje fibres found?

Back 42

Subendocardium.

Front 43

Which nerves delivers a parasympathetic supply to the heart?

Back 43

Vagus nerve.
Slows the heart.

Front 44

Which nerve delivers a sympathetic supply to the heart?

Back 44

Cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia.
Superficial and deep cardiac plexuses.

Front 45

What is a coronary artery bypass?

Back 45

Using a portion of the great saphenous vein to anastomose the proximal aorta with a region of the coronary artery that is beyond the stenosis.
(Can also use internal thoracic artery).