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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Systemic Edema |
Right Ventricle Imparied, Blood remaining in systemic circulation |
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Pulmonary Edema |
Left ventricle imparied, blood remaining in pulmonary circulation |
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Coronary Circulation |
functional blood supply to the hear itself |
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intercarlated discs |
desmosomes anad gap junctions |
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Intrinsic Conduction Pathway
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SA node - AV node - Bundle of His - Left and Right branches - Perkinjie Fibers
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Type of Cells forms the Intrinisc Conductin Pathway |
Nodal (Autorythmic) Cells
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Resting membrane potential of the SA node
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-60 mV
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3 types of channels involved in autorhythmic cells |
Slow Voltage Sodium (Na)
Fast Voltage Calcium (Ca) Voltage gated Potassium(K) Channels |
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Contractile Cells resting membrane potential |
-90 mV |
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Three type of channels within the contractile cells |
Fast Voltage Na Slow Voltage Ca voltage gated K |
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The heart has a sympathetic innvercation located in the |
medulla oblangata called the Cardioaccelatory center |
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The hear has a parasympathetic innvercatin located in the |
medulla oblangata called the cardioinhibitory center and sends signals along CN X. The vagus nerve |
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P-Wave corresponds to the |
SA node depolarization |
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QRS Wave corresponds to the |
Ventricular depolarization |
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T-Wave corresposnds to the |
ventricular repolarization
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Time interval for the QRS |
.08 seconds |
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P-R time intercal |
.16-.19 seconds |
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Q-T interval |
.31-.41 seconds
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Bradycardia |
slow heart rate below 60bpm |
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Tachycardia |
fast heart rate over 100bpm |
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ischemia |
Not enough O2 to the heart |
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Angina Pectoris |
Chest Pains |
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Myocardio Infarction |
dead heart muscles |
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Fibrilation |
The heart signal is not in rhythm |
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Defilbrilater |
A machine that corrects the hearts rhythm |
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Seen in EKG When the SA node is not functioning correctly P-Wave is inverted and P-R interval very short |
Junctional Rhythm |
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Seen in EKG When the atria doesn't contract properly and at a fast rate Not all signals get to ventricle |
A-Fib Atrial Fibulation |
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Seen in EKG There is no disctinctio between waves no effective contractions and no cardiac output |
V-Fib
Ventricular Fibulation |
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Seen in EKG Longer P-R Inteverals AV node causing delay for signal to reach ventricles |
1st degree block |
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Seen in EKG AV node delay Ventricles do not always contract Longer P-R intervals over time, until one P-wave doesnt extend to a QRS wave. (Skips a QRS) |
Type 1 Second Degree Block |
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Seen in EKG AV node delay Ventricles do not always contract P-R intervals are normal except, not all P-waves extend to a QRS wave. |
Type 2 Second Degree Block |
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Seen in EKG QRS width is increased because one ventricle contracts before the other ventricle |
Bundle Branch |
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Lub (First sound) |
is heard when the AV valves close |
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Dub (second sound) |
is heard when the SL valves close |
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Heard in the second intercostal space on the right side |
aortic valve |
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heard in the second intercostal space on the left side |
pulmonary valve |
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heard in the fifth intercostal space on the left side |
mitral valve |
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heard in the fifth itercostal space on the right side |
tricuspid valve |
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systole |
contraction |
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daistole |
relaxation |
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In atrial systole what is contracted and what is relaxed |
the atrial is contracting and the ventricles is relaxed |
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in early ventricle systole what is contracted and what is relaxed |
atria relaxed and ventricles contract |
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in late ventricle systole what is contracted and what is relaxed? |
atria relaxed and ventricles contracted |
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in early ventricular diastole what is contracted and what is relaxed? |
Atria and ventricles are both relaxed |
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In late ventricular diastole what is contracted and what is relaxed? |
The atria and the ventricles are both relaxed |
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where is the blood going in atrial systole |
The blood moves from the atria to the ventricles |
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where is the blood going in early ventricular systole |
the blood doesnt go anywhere isovolumetric contraction |
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where is the blood going in late ventricular systole? |
blood is ejected through the semiulnar valves |
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where is the blood in early ventricular diastole? |
some blood remains in the ventricles and aorta fills up again. |
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where is the blood in late ventricular diastole? |
blood begins filling up in the ventricles |
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Which valves are open in the atria systole? |
AV valves open Semiulnar valves closed |
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Which valves are open and closed in early ventricular systole? |
Av valves and semiulnar valves both closed |
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which valves are open and closed in late ventricular systole? |
AV valves closed Semiulnar valves open |
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Which valves are open and closed in early ventricular diastole? |
av valves are closed
semiulnar valves closed to prevent backflow |
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Which valves are open and closed in late ventricular diastole? |
Semiulnar valves closed and AV valves open |
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Pressure in Atrial Systole |
Ventricular Pressure < arterial pressure Ventricular Pressure < atrial pressure |
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Pressure in Early Ventricular Systole |
Ventricular Pressure > atrial pressure Ventricular Pressure < arterial pressure |
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Pressure in Late Ventricular Systole |
Ventricular Pressure > atrial pressure Ventricular Pressure > arterial pressure |
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Pressure in Early Ventricular Diastole |
Ventricular Pressure > artrial pressure Ventricular Pressure < arterial pressure
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Pressure in Late Ventricular Diastole |
Ventricular Pressure < arterial pressure Ventricular Pressure < atrial pressure |
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End diastolic volume EDV |
maximum amount of blood volume in the ventricles after atrial systole |
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End Systolic Volume |
Remaining amount of blood left in ventricles after late ventricular systole |
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SV Stroke volume |
Amount of blood pumped from the ventricles |
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EDV-ESV |
SV |
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Isovolumetric contraction |
Seen in Early Ventricular Systole, when the ventricles contract with no volume change |
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What is a ECG or EKG? |
A graph of electrical changes in the heart. |
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Cardiac Output |
The amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in one minute |
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HR*SV |
=CO |
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Three variables that influence stroke volume |
Venous Return Ionotropic Agents Afterload |
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Venous Return |
amount of blood returned to the heart by the major veins, determines edv |
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Frank-Starling Law |
as volume of the blood increases so will the stretch of the hearts walls, increases the stroke volume |
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The stronger the contraction |
The higher the stroke volume |
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The higher the stroke volume the |
The lower the ESV |
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As the volume of blood decreases so does the |
Stroke Volume decreases |
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Venous Return decreases with |
low blood volume high heart rate |
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Ionotropic Agents |
alter the forces of contraction |
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Postitive ionotropic agents |
increases the contractility |
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Negative ionotropic agents |
decreases the contractility |
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Examples of Positive ionotroic agents |
TH increased Calcium , Epinephrine and Noriepinepherene |
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Exampls of negative ionotropic agents |
decreassed calcium, increased K or H. medicines that decrease blood pressure |
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Afterload |
arteries resist the ejection of blood from the ventricles, |
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exmaples of afterload |
arteries become narrow in diameter, artherosclerosis, and SV decreases |
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Factors that influence heart rate |
Postive and negative chronotropic agents nervous system |
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Postive chronotrpic agents |
increases heart rate |
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exampls of positive chronotropic agents |
release of epinepherine and noriepeinepherine
intiated cAMP, TH caffine, nicotine, cocaine |
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Negative Chronotropic agents
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Decreases the heart rate |
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Examples of negative chronotropic agents |
parasympatethic innervation, beta blocker drugs and release of Ach (acetylcholine) |
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Examples congenital heart defect |
Ventricular septic defect coarctation of the aorta tetralogy of fallot |
