Heart

Front 1

Organs of the cardiovascular system

Back 1

Heart

Arteries

Veins

Front 2

Functions of the cardiovascular system

Back 2

Transportation of blood and contents, including heat

Immune activities

Fluid, electrolyte, pH balance

Maintaining blood pressure

Hemostasis

Front 3

Circulation pathways

Back 3

Pulmonary circuit

Systematic circuit

Front 4

Pulmonary circuit

Back 4

Carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for exchange of substances and returns to the left atrium

Includes: Pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, and pulmonary veins

Front 5

Systemic circuit

Back 5

Carries blood from the left ventricle to the cells of the body for exchange of substances and back to the right atrium

Front 6

Location of the heart

Back 6

Medial to lungs, extends from about the third pair of ribs to about fifth/sixth pair of ribs;

2/3 of mass is left of midline

Front 7

Apex of heart

Back 7

The pointed inferior end of heart

Indicates the left ventricle

Front 8

Base of heart

Back 8

Wide superior end where large blood vessels are attached

Front 9

Pericardium

Back 9

Thick membranous sac that surrounds the heart, isolating it within thoracic cavity

Front 10

Pericardium functions

Back 10

Anchors the heart in the thoracic cavity

Physical barrier (keeps things out/prevents overdistention)

Secretes a serous fluid to reduce friction

Front 11

3 layers of pericardium

Back 11

Parietal pericardium

Visceral pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Front 12

Parietal pericardium

Back 12

Thick, dense tissue layer lined with a serous membrane

Anchors and lines space allowed for blood

Front 13

Visceral pericardium

Back 13

Serous fluid-filled space

Front 14

Pericardial cavity

Back 14

Serous membrane on the outer surface of the heart

Front 15

3 layers of the heart wall

Back 15

Epicardium

Endocardium

Myocardium

Front 16

Epicardium

(outer)

Back 16

Serous membrane on the outer surface of the heart

Known as 'Visceral pericardium'

Front 17

Endocardium

(inner)

Back 17

Inner lining of the heart chambers and valves;

Continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels

Front 18

Myocardium

(middle)

Back 18

Thick, middle layer of cardiac muscle tissue

Front 19

Atrioventricular valve function

Back 19

Prevents blood going back into atrium

Composed of flaps/cusps, tendinous cords, & papillary muscles

Right side: Tricuspid valve

Left side: Bicuspid valve

Front 20

Components of Atrioventricular valve

Back 20

Cusps

Tendinous cords

Papillary muscles

Front 21

Cusps

Back 21

Flat membranes of dense tissue covered by endocardium

Front 22

Tendinous cords

Back 22

Narrow extensions of the cusps

Front 23

Papillary muscles

Back 23

Extensions of the myocardium covered by endocardium

Anchored to the tendinous cords

Front 24

Semilunar valves

Back 24

Pulmonary valve - Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

Aortic valve - Between the left ventricle and aorta

Front 25

Function of Semilunar valves

Back 25

Prevent blood from returning into a ventricle

Front 26

Composition of Semilunar valves

Back 26

Composed of just 3 flaps or cusps

Front 27

Coronary Circuit

Back 27

Systemic circuit includes the coronary circuit, receives blood directly from the aorta

Serves the wall of the heart, emptying into the coronary sinus, empties directly into the right atrium

Front 28

Cardiac Muscle Tissues/Fibers

Back 28

Short/branched striated muscle fibers

Each have one nucleus

Slightly branched

Intercalated discs to anchor them to each other

Front 29

Cardiac Muscle Tissues/Fibers

Back 29

Fibers are able to generate / distribute electrical impulses (being myogenic)

Contractions are rhythmic with each chamber working as a unit

Front 30

Cardiac Conduction System

Back 30

Consists of cardiomyocytes that generate/distribute the impulses to cause the contraction and relaxation of the heart

Cannot make adjustments needed to meet the demands of the body, involuntary nerve control is needed

Front 31

Sinoatrial node

Back 31

Located in the superior dorsal wall of the right atrium

Spontaneously generates an impulse to cause both atria to contract

Front 32

Atrioventricular Node

Back 32

Located in the medial wall of the right atrium

Spontaneously generates an impulse that travels to the atrioventricular bundle

Front 33

Atrioventricular Bundle

Back 33

Extends from the node into the interventricular septum, conducts the impulse to the 2 bundle branches

Front 34

Right and Left bundle Branches

Back 34

Conduct impulses along the interventricular septum to the Purkinje fibers

Front 35

Purkinje fibers

Back 35

Distributed within the myocardium of the ventricles, receive the impulse beginning at the apex and extending upward

Front 36

Systole

Back 36

Contraction of the heart chamber, moves blood

Front 37

Diastole

Back 37

Relaxation/Diastolic pressure

Front 38

Depolarization

Back 38

Part of the action potential, Na+ flows into the cell, triggers systole (contraction)

Front 39

Repolarization

Back 39

Other part of the action potential, K+ flows out of the cell, triggers diastole (relaxation)

Front 40

Electrocardiogram

Back 40

Recording of electrical changes occurring in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle

Front 41

P-wave

Back 41

Measures atrial depolarization

Front 42

QRS-complex

Back 42

Measures atrial repolarization and ventricular depolarizaton

Front 43

T-wave

Back 43

Measures ventricular repolarization

Front 44

Arrythmia

Back 44

Irregular heartbeats, either rate or abnormal electrical events

Front 45

Arrythmia types include

Back 45

Flutter, fibrillation, tachycardia, bradycardia

Front 46

Flutter

Back 46

Arrythmia: Abnormal electrical events/Repeated

Front 47

Fibrillation

Back 47

Rapid, uncoordinated electrical events

Front 48

Cardiac Cycle/First event

Back 48

Atrial systole and ventricular diastole created forces that moves blood from both atria into the ventricles.

Caused by the sinoatrial node depolarizes (P Wave)

Front 49

Cardiac Cycle/Second event

Back 49

Atrial diastole and ventricular systole. The blood moves from the ventricles into large arteries as they contract. Due to depolarization of the atrioventricular node (QRS complex)

At the same time, the atria expand and begin to fill with blood

Front 50

Cardiac Cycle/Third event

Back 50

Simultaneous ventricular and atrial diastole. The ventricles begin to expand and blood flows into the atria and the atrioventricular valves open as pressure increases.

Occurs because of repolarization of the ventricles (T Wave)

Front 51

First heart sound

Back 51

Loud "lub" sound

Made when atrioventricular valves CLOSE (bicuspid/tricuspid valves)

Front 52

Second heart sound

Back 52

Soft "dup" sound

Made when semilunar valves CLOSE (pulmonary/aortic valves)

Front 53

Normal heart rate or beats per minute for adults

Back 53

60-100 bpm (beats per minute)

Front 54

Tachycardia

Back 54

An arrythmia of a RAPID heart rate of more than 100 bpm.

Front 55

Bradycardia

Back 55

An arrythmia of a SLOW heart rate of less than 50 bpm.

Front 56

Nervous system structures that control heart rate

Back 56

Cardiac Center of Medulla Oblongata

Cardiac Accelerator Nerve

Vagus Nerve

Front 57

Cardiac Center of Medulla Oblongata

Back 57

Receives impulses from baroreceptors in large arteries about blood pressure.

Determines if heart rate needs to be increased/decreased

Front 58

Cardiac Accelerator Nerve

Back 58

Used by sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate which increases blood pressure.

Secrete norepinephrine at sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, & myocardium

Peaks at heart rate of 160-180 bpm

Front 59

Vagus Nerve

Back 59

Used by parasympathetic nervous system to inhibit impulses which slows heart rate and lowers blood pressure.

Lead to sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes secreting acetycholine.

Front 60

Acetylcholine

Back 60

Open K+ channels in nodal cells, hyperpolarized, fire less frequently, heart rate slows down

Front 61

Vegal tone

Back 61

Background firing rate holds heart rate to sinus, rhythm of 70-80 bpm.

Front 62

Stroke volume

Back 62

Amount of blood ejected by the ventricle with each cardiac cycle

Both right/left are equal, or edema occurs.

Front 63

Cardiac output

Back 63

Amount of blood ejected by a ventricle each minute.

Calculated by multiplying stroke volume and heart rate.

Front 64

Increasing cardiac output

Back 64

By sympathetic nervous system (norepinephrine/epinephrine), T3 & T4, Nicotine, Caffeine, Low Ca2+, and Glucagon

Increased heart rate

Front 65

Decreasing cardiac output

Back 65

By parasympathetic nervous system (acetylcholine), Excess Ca2+, excess K+, O2 deficiency, Very low pH (acidosis)

Front 66

Blood pressure

Body temperature

Respiratory rate

Back 66

Heart rate goes UP if they go up

Heart rate goes DOWN if they go down

Front 67

Very little K+ (low potassium)

Back 67

Causes arrythmias