Hearing And Language

Front 1

Kulesha was a small infant with

Back 1

left eye cataract, severe hearing loss, and microcephaly

5lbs 10oz

Front 2

_____ had SNHL from a viral infection that killed hair cells

Back 2

kulesha

Front 3

mother traveled to America while pregnant and had her here

Back 3

kulesha

Front 4

After kulesha had a newborn otoacoustic emision test that found severe hearing loss her ____ has since been delayed

Back 4

development

Front 5

sound waves are distinguished by their _____ & ______

Back 5

amplitude

frequency

Front 6

loudness measured in decibels

Back 6

amplitude/intensity

Front 7

frequency is measured in

Back 7

hertz

Front 8

cycles per second of sound wave, perceived as pitch

Back 8

hertz

Front 9

elephants hear _________ that humans cannot because they have large ears

Back 9

low frequencies

Front 10

cats hear ________ that humans cannot because they have small ears

Back 10

high frequencies

Front 11

hearing spectrum for humans is _____ to ______ Hz

Back 11

20-20,000

Front 12

Frequency of speech

Back 12

10,000 Hz

Front 13

older people lose what frequencies first?

Back 13

high frequencies

Front 14

a tone with a single frequency of vibration

Back 14

pure tone

Front 15

musical tones are _______ with repetitions (rhythm)

Back 15

modulated pure tones

Front 16

random sound

Back 16

noise

Front 17

he brain's first task when it comes to hearing is to
discern what is ____ and what is not

Back 17

noise

(what is important and what we can ignore)

Front 18

sound is really a sum of _______ and is a _____ force

Back 18

sine waves

mechanical

Front 19

fourier analysis uses a ____ procedure

Back 19

mathematical

Front 20

every vibration of frequency can be analyzed mathematically into a series of sine vibrations,

*The ear does this automatically as it breaks down incoming sounds

Back 20

mathematical procedure of Fourier Analysis

Front 21

Human Hearing Frequency

Back 21

10,000Hz

Front 22

sound a mechanical force is _______ into neural activity

Back 22

transduced

Front 23

the external ear and ear canal collects
low frequency ________

Back 23

sound waves

Front 24

what connects the tympanic membrane or eardrum to the oval window?

Back 24

bony ossicles:

Malleus

Incus

Staepes

Front 25

What 2 muscles in the middle ear that vary the linkage of ossicles

Back 25

tensor tympani and stapedius

Front 26

the oval window is the window to the ____

Back 26

cochlea

Front 27

The tensor tympani is attached to the _____ & ______

Back 27

malleus and tympanic membrane

Front 28

the stapedius muscle is attached to the

Back 28

stapes

Front 29

when the two middle ear muscles are activated too much, like at a loud concert, they stiffen to

Back 29

dampen loud sounds

Front 30

when middle ear muscles are activated too much everything sounds muffled because the high Frequency sounds diminish as

Back 30

muscles are contracted

Front 31

sound wave energy is transferred to the three ossicles, which vibrate and cause the _______ to vibrate

Back 31

endolymph

Front 32

endolymph is a fluid that fills the ________ and vibrates

Back 32

semicircular canals

Front 33

The basilar membrane forms the ________ on which the cochlear hair cells are located

Back 33

floor of the cochlear duct

Front 34

tectorial membrane is a _______ tissue

Back 34

connective

Front 35

In the tectorial membrane connective tissue the hair cells move up and down into the membrane and the ____ bend

Back 35

cilia

Front 36

thin fibers that run across each hair cell's stereocilia

Back 36

tip links

Front 37

Sound Affects the _____ on Cochlear Hair Cells

Back 37

Stereocilia

Front 38

as the cilia bend, the tip links allow the channel to become _____

Back 38

larger

Front 39

vibration makes stereocilia ______, causing ion channels to ______

Back 39

sway

open

Front 40

when the hair cell depolarizes, calcium influx at the base of the cell causes

Back 40

neurotransmitter release

Front 41

Hair cells do not have ____ so therefore do not generate action potentials

Back 41

axons

Front 42

do hair cells generate action potentials?

Back 42

No- they do not have axons and so much communicate using neurotransmitters

Front 43

The action potential in hearing begins in the

Back 43

cochlear nerve

Front 44

if a drug blocked Calcium channels, the patient would be

Back 44

deaf

Front 45

alcohol makes the ______ squishy, and therefore less likely to bend the hair cells and cause the channels to open

Back 45

tectorial membrane

Front 46

this drug causes worse hearing

Back 46

alcohol

Front 47

outer hair cells are _____

Back 47

amplifiers

Front 48

outer hair cells adjust for loss of

Back 48

inner hair cell function

Front 49

____ are transducers

Back 49

inner hair cells

Front 50

superior olivary nuclei are a part of the ________

Back 50

auditory pathway

Front 51

Tonotopic

Back 51

sound specific

Front 52

"high freq in the back, and high freq inside"

Back 52

tonotopic organization of auditory neurons

Front 53

different auditory cortex neurons have different

Back 53

receptive fields

Front 54

receptive fields

Back 54

best frequencies

Front 55

In the frequency theory of coding firing rate of auditory neurons encodes ______ and is ____

Back 55

pitch

simple

Front 56

In the frequency theory of coding 50Hz sounds casues an auditory cell to fire ___ times a second

Back 56

50

Front 57

frequency of the sound wave is too high for any single fiber to fire every cycle so each fiber only fires at a certain point in the cycle

Back 57

volley principle

Front 58

(like all students taking notes and sharing them to get the most accurate representation of the lecture)

Back 58

total collective activity

Front 59

Volley principle =

Back 59

total collective activity

Front 60

each place on the tentorial membrane has a resonant frequency

Back 60

place coding

Front 61

brain cares about which part of the basilar membrane vibrates the most

Back 61

place coding

Front 62

In the ______ theory the high freq sounds are near the base and low freq sounds are at the apex

Back 62

place coding

Front 63

in the place theory of pitch, instead of speed it is looking at location of

Back 63

vibration or place

Front 64

what acts together to code frequency?

Back 64

place and volley theories

Front 65

Just like tuning a guitar

Back 65

place coding

Front 66

_______ (up to 50 Hz) are coded by
frequency of nerve impulses

Back 66

low frequencies

Front 67

low frequencies are measured using

Back 67

frequency coding

Front 68

________ (over 5000 Hz) are coded in terms of
place along the basilar membrane which shows the greatest activity

Back 68

high frequencies

Front 69

High frequencies are measured using

Back 69

place coding

Front 70

________ (50-5000 Hz) are coded by
a combination of volley and place mechanisms

Back 70

intermediate frequencies

Front 71

Example of an intermediate frequency

Back 71

human speech

Front 72

binaural cues signal

Back 72

sound location

Front 73

intensity differences describe different loudness at the

Back 73

2 ears

Front 74

latency differences describe different arrival times for

Back 74

sounds at the ears

Front 75

latency differences are encoded by the

Back 75

medial superior olive

Front 76

The superior olive is our main

Back 76

sound localization nucleus

Front 77

The auditory cortex analyzes complex sounds in what 2 streams or channels

Back 77

the dorsal stream and the ventral stream

Front 78

dorsal stream is found in the

Back 78

frontoparietal lobe

Front 79

the ____ is involved in sound location "where"

Back 79

dorsal stream

Front 80

location of the ventral stream

Back 80

temporal lobe

Front 81

_____ analyzes components of sound "what" pathway

Back 81

ventral stream

Front 82

does the auditory cortex fire more when hearing noise or speech sounds?

Back 82

speech sounds

Front 83

the left auditory cortex fires mostly for ___ while the right is for ___

Back 83

speech sounds

sounds like people walking or the phone ringing (not speech)

Front 84

can auditory receptive fields be changed?

Back 84

yes, you can "learn to listen"- it is not hardwired

Front 85

three categories of deafness

Back 85

conduction deafness

sensorineural deafness

central deafness

Front 86

conduction disorders of the outer or middle ear prevent sounds from reaching the

Back 86

cochlea

Front 87

type of deafness associated with neurologic disorders like MS or tumors

Back 87

central

Front 88

type of deafness that produces complex results

Back 88

central

Front 89

Rare type of hearing loss

Back 89

central

Front 90

2 types of cortical deafness

Back 90

pure word

auditory agnosia

Front 91

A person with pure word deafness can identify

Back 91

nonverbal sounds

Front 92

Auditory Agnosia is a relatively normal pure tone hearing but inability to recognize ____ or _____ sounds

Back 92

verbal or nonverbal

Front 93

Example of Auditory Agnosia

Back 93

ringing telephone

dog barking

Front 94

type of central hearing loss

Back 94

auditory halluncinations

Front 95

auditory hallucinations are illusions of _____ such as music or speech

Back 95

complex sound

Front 96

Otitis media

Back 96

ear infection

Front 97

Tm perforation

Back 97

hole

Front 98

(NIHL)

Back 98

noise induced hearing loss

Front 99

NIHL loss can be sudden most likely caused by an ______ or more often gradual that goes _______

Back 99

explosion

unnoticed

Front 100

#1 preventable cause of deafness

Back 100

NIHL

Front 101

____ % of rock musicians and ____ % of classical musicians are partially deaf

Back 101

37

52

Front 102

presbycusis

Back 102

"old hearing"

Front 103

age related hearing loss that starts in the 20's

Back 103

presbycusis

Front 104

_____ is hearing sound when there is none

Back 104

tinnitus

Front 105

15% of population has _____

Back 105

tinnitus

Front 106

_____ patients do better in loud environments because they don't hear the ringing as much

Back 106

tinnitus

Front 107

Of the 40 million individuals in the US with tinnitus, _____ million are disabled due to its persistence and intensity

Back 107

2.5

Front 108

___ is common in people with severe tinnitus

Back 108

suicide

Front 109

tinnitus cochlea damage causes _____ and often initiates tinnitus, but the ____ plays a key role in the formation of tinnitus

Back 109

hearing loss

CNS

Front 110

surgery to make you deaf cannot fix

Back 110

tinnitus

Front 111

In Tinnitus as inner hair cells die, outer hair cells turn up the volume via

Back 111

efferent connections