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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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thalamus
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-collection of nuclei grouped together, largely grey matter
-thalamic adhesion connects - -*relays sensorimotor info to the cortex* -may contribute to some speech and language functions -Medial border = third ventricle -Lateral border = internal capsule |
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hypothalamus
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-consists of many nuclei with different jobs
-clustered above the pituitary gland -in the point of the optic recesses of the 3rd ventricle -various autonomic and endocrine functions - interacts with the pituitary gland -sends info where it needs to go (like the cortex) to integrate functions |
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basal ganglia
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-a set of subcortical nuclei
-one in each hemisphere -motor function and tone -constributes to posture -control or initiation of movement -connects to thalamus and basal ganglia -example problem: Parkinson's |
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caudate nucleus
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-large c-shaped nucleus
-long curved tail -runs along lateral ventricle -head pushes into the lateral ventricle -tail curves around back of thalamus, enters inferior horn -ends at amygdala |
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putamen
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-half-moon shaped
-posterior and lateral to the head of the caudate nucleus -connected to the head by a strip of grey matter lying outside the putamen |
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claustrum
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-part of the basal ganglia
-lies outside the putamen -connects putamen to the head of the caudate nucleus -grey matter |
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globus pallidus
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-more medial than the putamen
-wedge shaped bunch of grey matter -in between is the internal capsule |
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semi-permeable membrane
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-outside of the neuron
-separates intercellular dextrocellular fluid -both fluids have electrolytes |
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Salt conductors
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Potassium, sodium, chloride
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passive transports
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+ and - ions are attracted
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control balance
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-sodium potassium pump
-active transport, pushes K+ back in, goes against current -potassium in, sodium out |
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resting membrane potential (RMP)
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-neuron is at balance
- -70 MV is the resting charge -stimulus will cause a change in RMP -changes intracellular to + - -70 MV -> 50 MV -more + charges inside |
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action potential
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-sodium gates open
- + inside, - out along axon -K+ let in -1 millisecond |
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saltatory conduction
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-node -> node
-telodendrite synaptic buttons -vessicle release neurotransmitters -out into synaptic cleft stimulation for next neuron |
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post synaptic
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fire or not based on extrocellular fluid
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All or Nothing Principle
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-Neurons either fire or don't fire
-Must be +50 MV |
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absolute refractory period
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when depolarized can't fire until -70 MV
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Order of firing
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RMP
AP ARP RRP |
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relative refractory period
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partially recovered, and with enough stimulation, will fire again
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propogation
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electrical chemical wave
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resting state
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- -70 MV - K+ leaks and some NA+ getting in
-in order for change, sodium comes in fast - +50 MV - threshold reached - depolarizing firing to axon |
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astrocytes
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-very structural
-keep things where they're supposed to be -confines activities -form blood/brain barrier -neurons need oxygen which comes from blood, but not the toxins - these deliver the nutrients -neurons - shield neural tissue from toxins |
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aligodendrocytes
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-supportive
-insulate -surrounding of the cell bodies -form the myelin in the CNS -neural pathways which connect the brain |
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Schwann Cells
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-supportive
-insulate -form myelin in the PNS -actual cranial and spinal nerves |
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commissural pathways
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-neural pathways in the CNS
-tracts that go from a location in 1 hemisphere to a corresponding location in the other hemisphere -exp: corpus callosum |
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associational fibers
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-connects in 1 hemisphere
-may be short or long -can be lobes -stay in the same hemisphere |
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arcuate fasciculus
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-tract that runs from Wernicke's to Broca's
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cingulum
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above the corpus callosum - frontal -> parietal -> occipital with limbic system and each other
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projection pathways (fibers)
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-run to and from cortex
-connect cortex to other areas -info in and out of cerebrum |
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corona radiata
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fibers
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internal capsule
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-where fibers get closer together
-into brainstem |
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brain stem
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-connects diencephalon to the spinal cord
-exits through the foramen magnum, then is the spinal cord -bulbar region -surrounded by projection fibers -grey matter -reticular formation -maintains life function -coordinates CNS/PNS |
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midbrain/mesencephalon
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-where fibers enter the brainstem
-crossover |
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pons
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-many cranial nerves exit here
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medulla
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-where the other cranial nerves exit
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cerebellum
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-2 hemispheres
-cortex of grey matter, pockets of white in grey -coordinates information -smooth motor movements |
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vermis
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connects two hemispheres of the cerebellum
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peduncles
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bundles of connective white matter
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superior cerebellar peduncle
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leaving cerebellum, opp. motor cortex, offers corrective feedback
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dentate nucleus
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R & L - synapse happens here, message travels along
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middle cerebellar peduncle
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collection of fibers, info back into cerebellum from the cerebrum
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inferior cerebellar peduncle
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info in form nearby structures like the medulla and spinal cord
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spinal cord
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-protected by vertebrae and meninges
-pia mater adheres to spinal cord surfac -fibers longitudinal -projection pathway all the way down, stops at the synapse -pair of spinal nerves at each vertebrae -31 spinal nerves, sensorimotor -spinal ganglion |
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reflex arc
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-a reflexive movement does not go all the way to the brain, goes to the ganglion and outt
-feelin goes all the way through the brain |
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cranial nerves
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-work like spinal nerves
-synapse in the grey matter -travels out motor component of nerve -sensory acts the same way, receptor out at skin, cranial nerve V, trigeminal ganglion, synapses, message in basal ganglia, brain, thalamus -outside cerebrum, brain, spinal -every cranial nerve has a nucleus |
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sensorimotor nerves
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-mixed nerves
-all spinal are this -some cranial are too |
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anterior
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toward the front
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posterior
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toward the back
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superior
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upper/above
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inferior
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lower/below
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ventral
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away from the backbone
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dorsal
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toward the backbone
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caudal
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toward the tail
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rostral/cranial/cephalad
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toward the head
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lateral
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away from the axis or midline
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medial
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toward axis or midline
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proximal
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toward the body or root of extremity
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distal
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away from the body or root of extremity
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external
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toward the outer surface
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internal
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toward the inner surface
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central
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pertaining to or situated at the center
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peripheral
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pertaining to or toward the outer surface
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sagittal
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body plane divides right from left
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coronal/frontal
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body plane dividing front from back
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transverse
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body plane dividing upper from lower
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parasagittal
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not right on the midline
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cross-section
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tranverse cut through a tube, etc.
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afferent
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toward a structure
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efferent
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away from a structure
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cell
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organized system of protoplasm, contains nucleus, cytoplasm
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5 types of tissues
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-epithelial
-muscle -connective -nervous -vascular |
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epithelial tissues
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covers and lines different vessels and different cavities of the body
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muscle
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made of contractile material, has an origin (fixed) and insertion (mobile)
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striated muscle
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long, voluntary muscles
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smooth muscle
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shorter, involuntary
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cardiac
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both long and short - voluntary and involuntary
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connective tissue
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loose and dense - special's primary goal is structure
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cartilage
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desiged to maintain shape
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bone
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osseous - most dense CT - provides support and structure
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tendon
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non-elastic, binds muscle to bone or muscle to cartilage
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ligament
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binds bone to bone, bone to cartilage, cartilage to cartilage
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aponeurosis
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broad and flattenedmatterial, tendenous, connects muscle to bone and muscle to muscle
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fasciae
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tissue fibers in a sheath, separate one muscle from another - layer of cartilage
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nervous
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highly specialized cells, conduct signals to and from brain
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vascular tissue
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fluid like blood, transports nutrients
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skull
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encases brain, allows for attachments of muscles and ligaments
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cranium
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8 bones, where brain is housed
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frontal bone
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houses frontal sinus, surface of forehead, 1 bone
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parietal bone
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contributes to roof and sides of the skull - 2
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temporal bone
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contribute to lateral walls and base of skull - 2 bones
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occipital
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leaf shaped, forms the back of the cranium and the base of the skull - 1
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ethmoid bone
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"5th bone of the cranium" - inferior and posterior to the frontal lobe - surface of cranial floor - framework for nose and eyes - contains lateral labyrinths with nasal conchae
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nasal conchae
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little spaces covered with muscous membrane - nerve ending for smell - forms nasal septum
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sphenoid
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joins anteriorly with the ethmoid and posteriorly with the occipital - supports temporal and frontal lobes - pharyngeal structure
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sutures
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only in the skull - only immobile joints
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lamboidal
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separates occipital from temporal and parietal
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cerebrum
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-2 hemispheres divided by the longitudinal fissure
-consists of many lobes |
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precentral gyrus
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before central sulcus, primary motor cortex, moves muscles on opposite side of the body
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Broca's area
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motor sperech production
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parietal love
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-central sulcus
-integrates symbols/info together |
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postcentral gyrus
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-sensory function, primary sensory cortex
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occipital lobe
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visual interpretation, recognition
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temporal lobe
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-in both hemispheres, largely responsible for auditory reception
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limbic lobe/system
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center of the brain - composed of several structures - around the center of the brain - feeding, fleeing, fighting, arousal
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corpus callosum
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messages back and forth from left to right
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Isle of Reil
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visceral (gut reaction) actions - "old brain" - relays some info from one place to another
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cortex
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6 layers of different types of neurons
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gray matter
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where cell bodies are located
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white matters
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myelinated axons
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midbrain
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links brain stem to cerebrum - visual and auditory reflexes
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pons
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serves as a bridge to and from the cerebellum - gray matter regulates facial movement and sensation
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medulla
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base of the brain stem, regulates basic life functions, like heart rates, respiration, phonation control
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cerebellum
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spaghetti looking, grey cortex outside, inside white with grey pockets - coordinates and regulates balance, posture, skilled movements
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meninges
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layers of membrane, cover and protect the CNS by holding structures together - some cushioning from membranes, other from fluids within - framework for blood vessels
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dura mater
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-tough
-2 layers fused -adheres, 1 side to skull, other to arachnoid -protects and separates |
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falx cerebri
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-dura mater tissue that comes down from both sides above corpus callosum
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falx cerebelli
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around the cerebellum between those hemispheres - kept separate from cerebrum
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arachnoid
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-thin
-web-like, lacy -bridges over sulci -holds stuff together -on the gyri -blood vessels and nerves pass through -projects through dura mater |
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arachnoid granulations
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-reabsorbs fluid into granulations, puts into blood stream
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superior sagittal sinus
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major site of arachnoid granulations
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pia mater
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-thin
-adheres one side to the arachnoid, other to brain/spinal tissues -down in all of the sulci -extremely vascular -epithelial tissue -merges to form choroid plexus |
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subdural space
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-between dura mater and arachnoid
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subarachnoid space
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-between arachnoid and pia mater
-arteries, nerves, fluid |
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lateral ventricles
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-2, one left, one right - front is anterior horn, back is posterior horn
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septum pellucidum
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separates 2 lateral ventricles
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interventricular foramen
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hole, tube, L-R, leads into 3rd ventricle
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septume pelucidium
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if removed, you could see the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle - space b/w cerebrum and brain tissue - horns separated by this membrane
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cerebrospinal fluid
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produced in the meninges - lines the spaces - epithelial tissue
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choroid plexus
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-tufts of tissue
-spongy -in every ventricle -along floor of lateral ventricle -along the ceiling of the 3rd ventricle -along the wall of the 4th ventricle |
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glial cells
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supportive cells around the neurons
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axon hillock
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junction between cell body and process of axon
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dendrites
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info to cell body
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axon
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info away from cell body
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node of Ranvier
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junction between the myelin - leaves part of the axon exposed to fluid outside the neuron
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synaptic cleft
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when adequate neural stimulation, neuron fires - when it reaches the synaptic button, neurotransmitters are released into this
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