Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is a neuron and what is its purpose
|
it's the basic functional cell of the nervous system; it transmits impulses
|
|
|
what are the 3 basic types of neurons
|
sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons
|
|
|
what are synapses
|
junctions between neurons
|
|
|
what does the CNS consist of?
|
Brain and Spinal Cord
|
|
|
what constitutes the brain stem?
|
medulla, pons, and midbrain
|
|
|
what constitutes the diencephalon
|
thalamus and hypothalamus
|
|
|
what are the 4 parts of the brain (according to SO)
|
brain stem, diencephalon, cerebellum, cerebrum
|
|
|
what are the lobes of the cerebrum
|
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
|
|
|
what constitutes the PNS
|
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
|
|
|
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there and where are they found
|
12 pairs; attached to undersurface of the brain
|
|
|
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there and where are they found
|
31 pairs; attached to spinal cord
|
|
|
what's the function of the ANS (autonomic nervous system)
|
regulates body's involuntary responses
|
|
|
what're the 2 divisions of the ANS
|
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
|
|
|
what's the function of the sympathetic nervous system
|
regulates emergency response and fight or flight
|
|
|
what is the parasympathetic nervous system associated with
|
normal everyday conditions
|
|
|
what is the ECG or EKG (electrocardiogram)
|
a record of the spread of electrical activity through the heart
|
|
|
what happens during the P wave of the ECG
|
atrium contracts, depolarizes
|
|
|
what happens during the QRS complex
|
vetricle contracts, depolarizes and atrium relaxes
|
|
|
what happens during the T wave
|
caused by ventricular repolarization, relaxation
|
|
|
what's an ECG useful for
|
diagnosing abnormal heart rates, arrythmias, and damage of heart muscle
|
|
|
what is stroke volume
|
mL of blood pumped per beat
|
|
|
what is heart rate
|
# of beats per minute
|
|
|
what's the cardiac output
|
heart rate * stroke volume
|
|
|
what is pulse pressure
|
difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
|
|
|
what is mean aretrial pressure
|
diastolic pressure + (1/3)pulse pressure OR
(2/3)diastolic pressure + (1/3)systolic pressure |
|
|
what's the function of blood
|
- tranportation of O2, CO2, nutrients, and waste products
-regulation of hormones and heat -protection: clotting mechanism protects against blood loss and leukocytes provide protection against many disease causing agents |
|
|
what is plasma
|
water + dissolved solutes
|
|
|
what are 2 components of blood
|
formed elements and plasma
|
|
|
what are the 3 main components (or cell types) of formed elements
|
red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)
|
|
|
what are the major diseas of the circ. system
|
hemophilia, high blood pressure, areteriosclerosis, erythroblastosis fetalis, and high cholesterol
|
|
|
Narcolepsy (according to wiki)
|
a neurological condition most characterized by Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS). A narcoleptic will most likely experience disturbed nocturnal sleep, which is often confused with insomnia, and disorder of REM or rapid eye movement sleep. A narcoleptic may also sleep at any random time.
|
|
|
symptoms of Narcolepsy (according to wiki)
|
overwhelming excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), even after adequate night time sleep; A person with narcolepsy is likely to become drowsy or to fall asleep, often at inappropriate times and places. Daytime naps may occur without warning and may be physically irresistible. These naps can occur several times a day. They are typically refreshing, but only for a few hours
|
|
|
4 classic symptoms of Narcolepsy (according to wiki)
|
cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnogogic hallucinations, and automatic behavior
|
|
|
Cataplexy
|
an episodic condition featuring loss of muscle function, ranging from slight weakness (such as limpness at the neck or knees, sagging facial muscles, or inability to speak clearly) to complete body collapse; . Episodes may be triggered by sudden emotional reactions such as laughter, anger, surprise, or fear, and may last from a few seconds to several minutes
|
|
|
what's the first symptom of Narcolepsy to appear
|
excessive and overwhelming daytime sleepiness. The other symptoms may begin alone or in combination months or years after the onset of the daytime naps.
|
|
|
describe Narcolepsy and relation to REM and sleep stages
|
REM sleep appears at an abnormal time; lack of muscular control can occur during wakefulness in a cataplexy episode; it is said that there is intrusion of REM atonia during wakefulness. Sleep paralysis and vivid dreams can occur while falling asleep or waking up. Simply put, the brain does not pass through the normal stages of dozing and deep sleep but goes directly into (and out of) rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
|
|
|
causes of Narcolepsy
|
There appears to be a correlation between narcoleptic individuals and certain variations in HLA genes (chromosome 6), although it is not required for the condition to occur.
|
|
|
T or F: Narcolepsy is an underdiagnosed condition in the general population
|
T
|
|
|
how is Narcolepsy treated
|
using amphetamine-like stimulants such as methylphenidate, racemic amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and methamphetamine, or modafinil, a new stimulant with a different pharmacologic mechanism
|
|
|
what is epilepsy
|
common chronic neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures
|
|
|
approx how many peeps in the world have epilepsy
|
50 mil
|
|
|
how is epilepsy controlled
|
with medication, although surgery may be considered in difficult cases
|
|
|
T or F: some forms of epilepsy are confined to particular stages of childhood
|
T
|
|
|
how is epilepsy diagnosed
|
it is usually made based on the medical history. EEG, brain MRI, SPECT, PET, and magnetoencephalography
|
|
|
what conditions are required for diagnosis of epilepsy
|
seizures be unprovoked, with the implication that the provocant is assumed to be something obviously harmful
|
|
|
what are some environmental factors that lead to epilepsy
|
• being asleep
• the transition between sleep and wakefulness (hypnogogia) • tiredness and sleep deprivation • illness • constipation • menstruation • stress or anxiety • alcohol consumption. |
|
|
how's epilepsy treated
|
with medication prescribed by a physician; primary caregivers, neurologists, and neurosurgeons all frequently care for people with epilepsy. In some cases the implantation of a stimulator of the vagus nerve, or a special diet can be helpful
|
|
|
what effect does neurological surgery have on epilepsy
|
Neurosurgical operations for epilepsy can be palliative, reducing the frequency or severity of seizures; or, in some patients, an operation can be curative.
|
|
|
what is a seizure
|
temporary abnormal electro-physiologic phenomenon of the brain, resulting in abnormal synchronization of electrical neuronal activity. It can manifest as an alteration in mental state, tonic or clonic movements, convulsions, and various other psychic symptoms
|
|
|
what's sleep deprivation
|
general lack of the necessary amount of sleep
|
|
|
general symptoms of sleep deprivation
|
• aching muscles;
• blurred vision; • Cardiovascular disease; • clinical depression; • colorblindness; • daytime drowsiness and naps; • decreased mental activity and concentration; • depersonalization/derealization; • weakened immune system; • dizziness; • dark circles under the eyes; • fainting; • general confusion; • hallucinations; |
|
|
effects of sleep deprivation on brain
|
A 2001 Study at HARVARD'S Medical Institute suggested that sleep deprivation may be linked to more serious diseases, such as heart disease, mental illnesses, such as psychosis, bipolar and even death
|
|
|
Iron deficiency anemia
|
most common type of anemia, and the most common cause of microcytic anemia.
|
|
|
Iron deficiency anemia occurs when.......
|
dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient, and hemoglobin, which contains iron, cannot be formed
|
|
|
Iron deficiency anemia is the final stage of.....
|
iron deficiency
|
|
|
symptoms associated with iron deficiency anemia
|
• Constipation
• Tinnitus • Palpitations • Seeing Bright Colors • Fainting, Feeling faint • Depression • Weakness • hair loss • sore/ swollen tongue • poor skin color • weak immune system • exhaustion • loss of desire for food |
|
|
Recent research suggests the replacement dose of iron, at least in the elderly with iron deficiency, may be as little as..........
|
15 mg per day of elemental iron
|
|
|
Sickle-cell disease
|
the red blood cells change shape upon deoxygenation because of polymerization of the abnormal sickle hemoglobin; the hemoglobin proteins stick to each other, causing the cell to get a rigid surface and sickle shape. This process damages the red blood cell membrane, and can cause the cells to become stuck in blood vessels. This deprives the downstream tissues of oxygen and causes ischemia and infarction, which may cause organ damage, such as stroke
|
|
|
The allele responsible for sickle-cell anaemia is.......
|
autosomal recessive
|
|
|
The Price equation is......
|
a simplified mathematical model of the genetic evolution of sickle cell anaemia.
|
|
|
if one parent has sickle cell anemia, and the other is normal (RR), all of their children......
|
will be carriers
|
