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300 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where are the horse latitudes located?
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30-35 deg latitdue N and S
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what is the weather like in horse latitudes?
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high pressure region w/ little percipitation. variable winds mixed with calm
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why are the horse latitudes called that?
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ships back in the day would be stuck there because of lack of winds for weeks or months; the crew would throw horses overboard to conserve water
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what does CTD stand for and used for?
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Conductivity, Temperature, Depth. Used to measure C,T, and D at various ocean depth
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what does ROV stand for and used for?
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Remotely operated vehicle. ROVs are unoccupied, highly maneuverable and operated by a person aboard a vessel. They are linked to the ship by a tether, a group of cables that carry electrical power, video and data signals back and forth between the operator and the vehicle.
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what does SCUBA stand for and used for?
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self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.
By carrying a source of breathing gas (usually compressed air), the scuba diver is able to stay underwater longer than with the simple breath-holding techniques used in snorkeling and free-diving, and is not hindered by air lines to a remote air source |
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what is ALVIN?
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a 16-ton, manned deep-ocean research submersible owned by the United States Navy and operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. It documented the existence of black smokers, explored the Titanic, and located a submerged 1.45-megaton hydrogen bomb lost in a United States Air Force refueling accident over Palomares, Spain.
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what is the effect of DDT on eggshells?
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it makes them thinner and impairs their quality
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what are some vehicles developed by WHOI?
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Alvin, REMUS - Remote Environment Monitoring UnitS, Autonomous Benthic Explorer - ABE,SeaBED - An Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, and Jason (robot) - A Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV).
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what makes algae green?
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chlorophyll
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what wavelength of light do algae preferentially detect?
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red; around 700 nm
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why is the ocean blue?
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blue light is scattered and reflected
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what are the 3 points of the Bermuda triangle?
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Miami Beach, Puerto Rico, Bermuda
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where is the Coral Reef National Monument Located?
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Virgin Islands
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give examples of the pinnipeds
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seals, sea lions, walrus
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what are 3 continents bordering the Indian ocean?
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asia, africa, australia
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what's the difference between catadromous and anadromous fish. give an example of each.
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catadramous: live in freshwater. spawn in seawater. american eel.
anadramous: live in seawater. spawn in freshwater. salmon |
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what are some important characteristics of water?
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hydrogen bonding, high specific heat, solid less dense than liquid, density vs. temp
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where does O2 in the open ocean come from?
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exchange with atmosphere and photosynthesis
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who was Jacques Costeau and what did he do?
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French. Invented SCUBA
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what is Heliox? what are the concentrations?
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a breathing gas that is composed of a mixture of helium (He) and oxygen (O2).
21% O2 (the same as air) and 79% He, although other mixtures are available |
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what are the pH and salinity of seawater?
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8.1 and 35 ppt on average
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where does the carbonate ion in the ocean come from and what does it do?
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from CO2 released by respiration. it is one of the compounds that helps buffer the ocean to keep it at a constant pH
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what is nitrogen narcosis?
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a reversible alteration in consciousness producing a state similar to alcohol intoxication in scuba divers at depth. it occurs when N bubbles dissolve in the bloodstream.
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what are the great lakes in decreasing SURFACE AREA? decreasing VOLUME?
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1. Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario
2. Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario |
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what percent of the world's supply of freshwater is in the great lakes?
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22%
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what impact has the invasion of the zebra mussel had on the great lakes?
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it competes with native mussels, reducing food and spawning grounds for other fishes/ it also clogs and blocks pipes/
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what are some big cities located next to the great lakes?
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Buffalo NY, Cleveland OH, Chicago IL, Milwaukee WI, Rochester NY
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the Welland Canal connects which 2 great lakes?
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Lake Erie to Lake Ontario
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how many dispersed islands are located throughout the great lakes?
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35,000...The largest among them is Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron
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what is tritium used for?
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to track water masses
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where are the doldrums?
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0-5 deg N and S latitude; aka the Intertropical Convergene Zone; low pressure
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what is a coelacanth?
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it is the common name for an order of fish that includes the oldest living lineage of jawed fish known to date; first found in South Africa
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what is a narwhal? what is its most noticeable feature?
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an Arctic species of cetacean; single extraordinarily long tusk, an incisor that projects from the left side of the upper jaw and forms a left-handed helix. The tusk can be up to 3 metres (nearly 10 ft) long
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what type of a whale was Moby Dick?
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a sperm whale
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where was Noah's ark supposedly stranded?
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Mt. Ararat
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what are diatoms made of?
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silica
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what determines the gender of turtles and crocodiles?
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temperature
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what is the passageway between Madagascar and Africa called?
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The Mozambique Channel
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what is the coldest possible temperature for water in the oceans?
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-2 deg C
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A sea squirt is not a mollusk, so what is it?
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A tunicate, or chordate
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how fast can a copepod move?
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500 body lengths per second
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what is the Greek mythological creature Kraken based on?
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the giant squid
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what genus does the giant squid belong to?
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Architeuthes
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what is the largest carnivore in the ocean and what does it feed on?
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the sperm whale; plankton
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what is the largest mammal in the ocean and what does it feed on?
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the blue whale; plankton and krill
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what is the white waxy material found in a sperm whale's head and what is it used for?
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spermaceti; used in cosmetics
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what is sperm oil, the thin yellow oil found in a sperm whale's head, used for?
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as a lubricant in small machinery such as watches and clocks
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what is the gray intestinal secretion that surrounds squid beaks and is found in the oceans called and what is it used for?
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Ambergris, and it is used in perfume
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what is the percent composition of Nitrox and to what depth it is used?
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32% oxygen and 68% nitrogen. 130 feet
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give two other common names for the manatee
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Stellar's Sea Cow and Dugong
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If 10,000 energy units are present at the primary trophic level, how much of this energy is present at the fifth trophic level?
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1 unit
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what would you see if you cut a manganese nodule in half?
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concentric rings
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what metals are present in manganese nodules?
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Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu, Mb, Zn
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name 3 evaporites
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CaCO3, CaSO4, NaCl
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what are oolites and what do they resemble?
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CaCO3 that has percipitated around shell fragments, resembling fish eggs
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what is calcareous ooze composed of and at what depths is it found?
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foraminiferans, mollusks called pteropods, and coccolithophores; above 4500
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what is the sand dollar most closely related to of the following: sea anemone, sea urchin, or snail?
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sea urchin
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how long does it take an Argo Float to submit information to the surface after it submerges?
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10 days
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what is a secchi disk used for?
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to measure the clarity of seawater, which provides information on the depth of the photic zone
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where are the Falkland islands located?
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South Atlantic Ocean, 480 km from the coast of Argentina
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what is the Sofar (or Deep Sound Channel- DSC) layer?
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where sound transmission is most efficient because the speed of sound is a minimum
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what depth do sofar probes operate at?
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700 to 2000 m
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what does SOFAR stand for?
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SOund Fixing And Ranging
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what does a swallow float do?
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emit radar pings
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what carriers a wood head seabed drifter?
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bottom currents
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what does PDO stand for?
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Pacific Decadal Oscillation
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what is Pacific Decadal Oscillation?
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a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years. The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean and is believed to be related to ENSO/El Nino patterns
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what does GRACE stand for? why should you know about it?
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Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment. It was a space mission to precisely measure Earth's gravity field, providing information on Earth's shifting water masses by providing their impact on Earth's gravity field
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What do TOPEX/Poseidon (1992) and Jason 1 (2000) do?
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measure sea surface height to understand circulation and the tie between oceans and the atmosphere
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Where is the Sargasso sea located?
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North Atlantic
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what sea plays an important role in the migration of the European and American eels?
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Sargasso Sea
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how does the Sargasso sea play a role in the life cycles of American and European eels?
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eels lay eggs in the Sargasso, where they eventually hatch and return to Europe
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where is Lake Baikal
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southern Siberia in Russia
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what is the largest body of freshwater on Earth? this lake happens to be the deepest lake on earth
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Lake Baikal
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if a body of water is Endoheic, what does that mean?
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it has no outflows
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where is the Caspian sea located?
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near Iran
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what fish is the Caspian sea known for?
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Sturgeon fish
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how far are a fathom, a league, and a nautical mile?
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6 ft, 3 knots, and 6086 ft, respectively
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what has been overfished in the Pacific Northwest?
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Abalone
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how far offshore does the Exclusive Economic Zone extend?
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200 nautical miles
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how far offshore do terretorial waters extend?
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12 nautical miles
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what is flocculation?
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coagulation of dissolved solutes where particles clump together. the resulting "floc", or "flakes" may float to the top and settle to the bottom
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why are small mesh nets banned?
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they kill juvenile fish
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what do killer whales eat?
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fish
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what is the only research vessel named after a woman?
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R.V. Marie Tharpe
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where is the Bay of Fundy and what is it known for?
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New Brunswick, Canada; has the largest tidal range at 18 m
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what is the volume of the oceans in km^3 ?
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1370 million (1370*10^6) km^3
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a piston core is used for sampling in what kind of water?
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very deep
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a box core is used for sampling what because it is the most undisturbed?
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Paleomagnetism
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T or F: Paleomagnetism is evidence of Pagaea
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False
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what direction does the equatorial countercurrent flow?
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east
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where does the Antarctic bottom water go?
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to the bottom under the equator
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what is the Sargasso sea named for?
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seaweed
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name the main currents that you would follow from North America to Europe and back
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the gulf stream, the N Atlantic current, the canary current, the N Equatorial current
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Puerto Rico is on the border or which two plates?
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the Caribbean and N American plates
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where is the East Pacific Rise?
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west of S America
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where is the Tasmanian sea?
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S of Australia
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where is the Coral sea?
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East of Australia
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why is Hilo, Hawaii most suseptible to Tsunamis?
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because it has a v-shaped bay
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what was the first commercial use of the Great Lakes, and what were 3 uses that followed?
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Fur Trade. Then fishing, mining, and shipping
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where is the oceanographic equator?
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5 deg north
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how long can tubeworms grow to be?
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3 m
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what percent of US terretorial waters are marine sancutaries?
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1%
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how deep is the deepest point in the Marianas Trench?
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11,040 m
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what is most commonly used in fertilizers?
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phosphorite nodules
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what does TED stand for?
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turtle exclusion device
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what is the total area of US marine sanctuaries?
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46,000 km^2
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why is mining of phosphorite nodules commercially attractive?
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for use in fertilizers
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what does TED stand for? what does it do?
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turtle excluder device. TED is a specialized device that allows a captured sea turtle to escape when caught in a fisherman's net.
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what does WOCE stand for?
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World Ocean Circulation Experiment
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what is the name of the ROV attached to Alvin?
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Jason, Jr.
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what is the name of the ROV attached to the surface ship Medea?
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Jason
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what does the jellyfish gene GFP code for and what animal was it spliced into?
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green fluorescent color; rabbits
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Magellan was not of the ancestry of the country he sailed for. What was his descent and what country did he sail for?
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Portuguese. sailed for Spain
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in what year were the remains of the Titanic discovered?
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1987
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what are the old units of salinity? what are the new units?
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old: parts per thousand by weight
new: PSU, or practical salinity units |
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what are the 2 most common ions dissolved in seawater?
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Na+ and Cl-
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what was the power source in Miller's experiments on the origin of life?
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electricity (pretend lightning)
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give an example of a non-conservative substance
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O2
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what is the residence time of water in the ocean?
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a few millennia
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what 4 variables increase the speed of sound in water?
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increase in pressure, increase in temperature, increase in density, and increase in salinity
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what is necessary for an algal bloom to occur?
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sunlight and high nutrient concentrations
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what type of water do coral reefs need to grow?
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shallow, warm, low turbidity, high salinity
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Lake Winnebago has the largest population of what type of fish?
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Large Sturgeon
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which sea has an anaerobic layer?
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Black Sea
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this lake is the third largest natural freshwater lake completely within a U.S. state
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Lake Winnebago
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this hypersaline sea near the coast of Africa and Asia occupies a part of the great rift valley
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The Red Sea
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what is the scientific name for a walrus
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Odobenidae
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what is the scientific name for baleen whales?
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Mysticeti
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what is the scientific name for toothed whales?
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Odontoceti
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An examination of the sperm whale's mouth shows that they are designed to eat by?
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slurping their food
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which ocean is the warmest? most saline?
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Atlantic for both
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what do young coral polyps develop and grow on?
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old coral
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Mt. Everest and the Himalays did what to monsoons?
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increased their intensity in the Arabian sea
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what did Edward Forbes prove himself wrong about?
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that life could not exist below 1800 ft
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what is the Wilson cycle?
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the 7 step cycle concerning the formation of ocean basins
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the Chunnel runs between what 2 countries?
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UK and France
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if a nautilus implodes at 40 atm, how deep would it be in m?
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390 m
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what does the lateral line in fish detect?
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movement and vibration in the surrounding water
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what makees tissue red in giant clams?
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hemoglobin
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if the moon went tiwce as fast, how long would a tidal day be?
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25 hrs, 40 min
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where do whales store the oxygen they gain by breathing several times before diving?
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Myoglobin in the muscles
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what is a sverdrup?
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unit of volume per unit of time
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how many sverdrups is the gulf stream?
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55 Sv.
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how do you tell the age of whales?
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the lens of the eye has rings, like a tree
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what is Argo?
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a deep water ROV
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what are the circulation patterns of polar gyres?
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counterclockwise in N hemishpere, clockwise in S hemisphere
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what type of clevage do sturgeon eggs undergo?
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Holoblastic
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how much more saline is the water coming out of a black smoker than regular ocean water?
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twice as saline
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what drives equatorial upwelling?
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trade winds
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where is upwelling in N and S America?
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W coasts
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how many hotspots are there in the world?
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50 or more
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what in Wegener's theory is not accepted today?
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that island arcs are chunks of old plates
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if a mid ocean ridge has a small gradient, what does this mean about the ridge?
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there is more heat flow
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what chemical is used to maintain water concentration in a plant?
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Dimethyl Sulfide
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what seafood isn't available 3 months out of the year?
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oysters
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Bikini Atoll was contaminated by radioactive isotopes. why?
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from nuclear bomb testing done by the US in 1940's and 50's
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what is the front of a sand dune called?
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the escarpment
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when was the International Geophysical Year?
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1957-58
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what is a rebreather?
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a type of breathing set that provides a breathing gas containing oxygen and recycles exhaled gas. This recycling reduces the volume of breathing gas used
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if a satellite photo shows red, what is it showing?
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phytoplankton concentration
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order the following in incrasing size: sand, silt, pebbles, clay
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clay, silt, sand, pebbles
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Russia dumped 16 nuclear reactors into the Arctic. the radioactivity is not in the water, so where did it go?
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bound in the fine sediments
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because of Pb pollution from leaded gasoline, all of the following countries have quit producing leaded gas except: Argentina, India, New Zealand, Canada
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India
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which pollutant is okay in the stratosphere, but deleterious in the trophosphere?
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O3
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which great lake lies entirely within US territory
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Lake Michigan
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what do satellite altimeters measure?
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the height of the satellite
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what does Seastat measure?
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bottom topography, surface wind speed, and productivity
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which determines the pycnocline: thermocline or halocline?
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thermocline
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at what temp. does saltwater freeze?
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-2 deg C
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what was the first National Marine Sanctuary?
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The Monitor
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what is the major source of Arctic Haze in the winter?
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Eurasia- cooking fires
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what do satellite altimeters measure?
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the height of the satellite
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what does Seastat measure?
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bottom topography, surface wind speed, and productivity
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which determines the pycnocline: thermocline or halocline?
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thermocline
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at what temp. does saltwater freeze?
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-2 deg C
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what was the first National Marine Sanctuary?
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The Monitor
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what is the major source of Arctic Haze in the winter?
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Eurasia- cooking fires
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why doesn't wood in a ship sunk in the Baltic sea dissolve while wood in the Titanic, sunk in the Atlantic, did?
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the Baltic has anoxic bottom water
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what is the name of the first tender ship of the submersible Alvin?
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Lulu
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who named the pacific ocean? why did this person call the ocean the pacific?
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Ferdinand Magellan, because of the quiet and peaceful weather he encountered there
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in what ocean is the Shonga Trench located?
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Indian
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the book _Between the Pacific Tides_, written by Edward Ricketts, was characterized in what movie?
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Cannery Row
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what is the definition of the lysocline?
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the depth at which CaCO3 begins to dissolve
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what do gastropods and mollusks eat with?
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a radula
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a new species of a palatable octopus that looks like a poisonous lionfish is an example of what?
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mimicry; specifically, Batesian Mimicry
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what is Earth's most common volatile compound?
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water
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how much greater is the SUn's gravitational pull on Earth than the moon's?
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177 times
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the radioactivity from the nuclear weapon detonation on Bikini Atoll was from what radioactive isotope?
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Cs 137
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the radioactivity from the nuclear weapon detonation on Bikini Atoll drifted to what nearby atoll?
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Rongelap Atoll
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what are characteristics of phylum Cnidaria?
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stinging cells, radial symmetry, 2 layers of cells, and no excretory, circulatory, or respiratory systems
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what phylum of invertebrate organisms, commonly found in salt water, is not often found in freshwater?
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Echinodermata
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Euphausids are the principle food source of what oceanic organisms?
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Baleen Whales
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what are 2 metabolic uses of iron by living organisms?
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electron transport and nitrogen assimilation. (hemoglobin)
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what's the residence time of iron in seawater?
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200 yrs
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what's the concentration of iron in seawater?
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6 ppb
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Euphausia superba is commonly called what?
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krill
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what ocean has the highest concentration of Euphausia superba (krill)?
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the Antarctic
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what does FLIP stand for?
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Floating Instrument Platform
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what type of buoy is FLIP?
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spoon-shaped
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give the structural formula for dimethyl sulfide.
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CH3-S-CH3
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what is the standard abbreviation for dimethyl sulfide?
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DMS
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what is the name of the chemical used by small marine plants to balance water pressure in cells?
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dimethyl sulfide
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T or F: dimethyl sulfide found in the atmosphere directly above the ocan could act as condensation nuclei to form clouds or rain?
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True
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what ocean are the lost city hydrothermal vents found in and why are they different from other hydrothermal vents?
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Atlantic ocean; no chemosynthesis occurs in the lost city hydrothermal vents
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In the Atlantic, lost city hydrothermal vents are taller because they are made out of what mineral?
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CaCO3 instead of metallic sulfides
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what area of study was housed in the first research building at WHOI?
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fisheries
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a ship coming to stop without an anchor is called what?
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Heaving to
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how long, in minutes, does it take a low earth satellite to orbit the earth once?
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100
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what causes the offensive smell in a salt marsh?
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the conversion of sulfates into sulfides (DMS, methyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide)
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what is the chemical makeup of phosphorite nodules?
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Ca5(PO4)3F or Cl or OH
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a radar altimeter can measure the height of the ocean to what accuracy?
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within 2 cm
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T or F: satellites cannot determine the salinity of ocean water
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False
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T or F: oceanographers did not help launch ballistic missiles in WWII?
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True
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how do you determine the salinity of seawater if you know the chlorinity?
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salinity = chlorinity x 1.80655
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who was the first to develop a method for measuring latitude and longitude?
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Erastosthenes
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what does a chronometer do?
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measures longitude
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who determined how to measure latitude?
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Pytheus
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who invented the chronometer? what country was this person from?
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John Harrison; UK
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in addition to silicon and oxygen, what has been discovered as a major component of diatom shells?
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carbon
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how and by what process is C14 converted to N14?
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beta decay; a neutron decomposes to a proton and electron
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explain what is meant by the alternation of generation in mosses
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it exists in both haploid and diplod stages, with one stage giving rise to the other
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what's the name of the haploid plant form and diploid plant form?
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gametophyte; sporophyte
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what is the difference between a spore and gamete?
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a gamete has to fuse with another gamete to give rise to an organism; a spore doesn't have to
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if the moon were to reverse direction, how long would a tidal day be?
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23 hrs, 10 min
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what is the Benioff zone?
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an area of earthquke origination -- slopes down from an oceanic trench at 30-60 degrees
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how do antarctic fish keep from freezing?
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they make antifreeze and release it into the bloodstream
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under what oxygen concentrations does denitrification occur?
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low or no oxygen
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the Bass strait is located between what 2 countries?
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Australia and Tasmania
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if water was totally incompressible, how much igher would the ocean level be?
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37 meters
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what elements are removed as water percolates through sediment?
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Mg and S
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if all the gold in the oceans were to be extracted, how much would each person on earth get, in kg?
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4 kg
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what is the ratio of 105 C : 15 P : 1 N known as?
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the redfield ratio
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what does an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler do?
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produces a record of water current velocities over a range of depths.
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sonar acoustics are used to measure what 4 things in the ocean?
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depth, temperature, currents, biomass
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in what year did the Trieste explore the bottom of the Marianas Trench?
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1960
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gravitational force and tidal force are related to what function of distance?
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g. force is inversely proportional to d squared.
t. force is inversely proportional to d cubed. |
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why are the right whales called that?
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they were considered the right ones to shoot because they wouldn't sink
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what is the only flowering plant that spends its entire life in the ocean?
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seagrass
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what's the halflife of C14?
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5370 yrs
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how many neutrons does C14 have?
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8
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T or F: the Stellar sea lion has gone extinct
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False
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T or F: the Monk seal, North Atlantic gray whale, and Japaenese sea lion have all gone extinct.
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True
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what's special about the GoFlo bottle?
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it is closed when it is released into seawater, but automatically opens at a depth of a few meters to prevent contamination by the surface microlayer
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name 2 units of heat
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calorie and joule
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what's a tidal bore?
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a wave travelling upriver from an estuary produced by tidal oscillation
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in the old days, what were "the seven seas"?
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Mediterranean, Red, Persian Gulf, Indian ocean, Black, Caspian, and Adriatic
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Doc = Edward Ricketts wrote __Between Pacific Tides___ which was turned into the movie "Cannery Row"
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okay
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what is the name of the 1st steam driven ironclad?
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USS Michigan
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what is the name of the connection between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean?
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Bosporus Strait
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what is the name of the new island that reached surface in 1963? where is it located?
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Surtsey. Southern coast of Iceland
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what volcano is known as the lighthouse of the mediterranean?
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Stromboli
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when was the last whale species discovered?
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2003
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what is the name of the strait between New Guiena and Australia?
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Taurus Strait
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which continent has the narrowest continental shelf?
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West coast of south america
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in which ocean is the largest atoll located? what is the name of this atoll?
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Saya de Malha Bank, in the Western Indian Ocean
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what is the type of rock that composes the geologic formation 50 miles west of Japan?
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Serpentine
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why is serpentine green?
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because it has Cu in it
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what is the only molluks without a radula?
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Cockle
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what do you call lifting the anchor from the bottom?
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Anchors Away
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what is the name of a reef seperated by a lagoon from land?
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Barrier Reef
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what is mapping of the seafloor called?
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bathymetry
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what phylum is are the brown algae? what genus?
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Phylum Phaeophyta; Genus Macrocystis
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What shores have the weakest currents?
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Mud Flats
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at the bottom of the Antarctic ocean, what is the name of the water mass?
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Antarctic Bottom WAter
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where would an increased concentration of pollutants first become evident in?
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sediments
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what are 2 methods for sampling benthos?
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Box Corer and Grab Sampler
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in a contour map with lines indicating depth in a distinctive 'V', what feature is shown?
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submarine canyon
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why is CaCO3 not present in deep Atlantic sediments?
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because they are below the CCD
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what's the name of the process by which NO3 is converted to N2?
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denitrification
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which island group is the Marianas Trench the closest to?
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the Philippines
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what was the name of the senson onboard Nimub 7 that changed our view of the ocean by photographing chlorophyll concentration?
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Coastal Zone Color Scanner
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what is the name for stopping a vessel without using an anchor?
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Heaving To
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name a natural mineral that cannot be mined from marine sediment
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Bauxite
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what are some pieces of evidence Alfred Wegener used to support his theory of continental drift?
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1. fit of the continents
2. maching sequence of rocks and mtn. chains 3. fossils 4. glacial ages |
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from what animal is sepia ink, used to make photgraphs, from?
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cuttlefish
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what do Littorina and periwinkle feed on?
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Algae on rocks
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when did Alvin retire?
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2005
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what is the international signal for distress?
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5 horn blasts
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what is the name for mollusk larvae?
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Trochophores
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what did the UN ban in 1993?
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drift nets
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what deep sea feature has a tall peak and a gently sloping surface?
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mid ocean ridge
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what type of heavy ions do squid rid themselves of to lower density and what ion do they replace the heavy ions with?
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get rid of heavy metal ions; replace with ammonium
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how does the volume of the gulf stream change as it moves north?
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it increases
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what are the names of water movements powerful enough to threaten deep sea oil and gas production facilities in the Gulf of Mexico and churn up bottom sediments?
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Abyssal Storms
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what pigment is not present in brown algae?
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chlorophyll b
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certain hermaphrodites change between male and female gender depending on conditions. What is the name of this lifestyle that switches from male to female?
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Protandrous
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who formulated theory of seafloor spreading in 1960?
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Harry Hess
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in what year did the US Navy ban the flogging (whipping) of sailors?
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1862
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what's the oxidation number of the nitrogen atom in nitrate?
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+5
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what characteristic of life on Europa has made scientists to create alternative chemistries of life?
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high acidity
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what does the hjulstrom scale measure?
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Particle Size vs. Energy required for erosion, transportation, and deposition
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what is a Hjulstrom curve?
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a graph used by hydrologists to determine whether a river will erode, transport or deposit sediment.
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what is the Reynolds number?
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the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and consequently it quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions.
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how dyou you calculate the Reynolds number?
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R = pVD/(myu) [R equals the liquid density times the flow velocity time the pipe diameter divided by the dynamic viscocity]
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An investigation was made into the cause for eutrophication in the Great Lakes in 1970. What was found to be the critical nutrient?
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Phosphorus
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which effect was caused by the 1997-98 El Nino?
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strong hurricanes off the western coast of mexico
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What controls the habitat size of barnacles on rocky shores?
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competition and predation
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what percent of teh coasts of the world have barrier islands?
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1.5% to 2%
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