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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prejudice |
Negative feelings about othersbecause of their connection to a social group. - Affective |
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Discrimination |
Negative behaviors directedagainst persons because of their membership ina particular group. - Behavioral |
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Stereotypes |
Beliefs that associate a wholegroup of people with certain traits. - Cognitive |
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Stereotype Threat |
Perceived vulnerability to a stereotype causes apprehension and interferes with one’s performance – Outcome of the self-fulfilling prophecy – Targets of negaIve stereotypes can confirm these stereotypes by trying to disconfirm them |
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Steele and Aronson (1995) - Study 1 |
Black & White students take a hard test IV: “Diagnostic” or “Non-diagnostic” DV: Score on test Results: Diagnostic: Whites > Black Nondiagnostic: Whites = Blacks |
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Steele and Aronson (1995) - Study 2 |
Black & White students take a hard test IV: “What is your race/ethnicity” or NoRace Prime DV: Score on test Results: Race Prime: Whites > Black No Prime: Whites = Blacks |
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Stereotype Threat and diet (Seacat & Mickelson, 2009) |
IV – stereotype prime or control (non-stereotype prime) condiIon DV – reported health intenIons and exercise/dietary self-efficacy Result Overweight women primed to think about weight-related stereotypes reported lower levels of exercise/dietary efficacy and personal health intenIons than a similar non-primed control group |
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Explicit Attitude |
Conscious, controllable, easy to report |
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Implicit Attitude |
Unconscious and uncontrollable |
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Measures of Implicit Attitudes |
Bogus pipeline Facial electromyography (EMG) Measures of physiological acIvity Implicit AssociaIons Test (IAT) |
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Aversive racism and medical interacIons |
Aversive racism – low in explicit, high inimplicit bias Results – Patients responded morenegatively to aversive racism |
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Nun Study |
Quantified the amount of positive emotion inthese excerpts and correlated it with how longthe nuns lived Top Quarter (Most happy):– 90% lived to at least 85– 54% lived to 94 Bottom Quarter (Least happy):– 11% lived to 94 |
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Why study happiness? |
1. Positive emotions predict health and longevity 2. Happiness is related to work productivity 3. Happy people have better health habits, remember moreinformation about health 4. Happy people are more altruistic 5. Positive emotions can undo the deleterious effects ofnegative emotions 6. Well-being (positive emotions, purpose, engagement)may be one of our best weapons against mental disorder |
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Psychological Abstracts (1967 – 2000) |
Anger: 5,584 Anxiety: 41,416 Depression: 54,040 Joy: 415 Happiness: 1,710 Life satisfaction: 2,583 |
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Positive Psychology |
Study of the conditions under which peoplebecome happy and flourish. Positive psychologist believe that focusingonly on disorder can result in a limitedunderstanding on a person’s condition. |
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Wealth and Well-Being:A Change in Goals |
1960s: students wanted to develop a meaningful lifephilosophy. Since 1977, being very well-off financially has becomemore of a primary goal for first year students. |
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Can Money Buy Happiness? |
The average level of income(adjusted for inflation) andpurchasing power hasincreased in the U.S. The percentage of peoplefeeling very happy, though,has not followed the sametrend of improvement. Higher income is associatedwith experiencing less dailysadness, but has no bearingon daily happiness. |
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Minnesota Twin Study |
2,310 twins Measured happiness – SES, educational attainment, family income, marital status, religious commitment did NOT account for happiness However, happiness was associated with genetic variation |
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Brickman (1978) – lottery winners vs. paraplegics |
Results Lottery winners years later --> no happier than before they won Paraplegics years later --> no less happy than before the accident |
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Life Events Adaptivity |
A negative or positive event can have a big impact immediately, but over time we adapt – To both good and bad things |
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Surprising science of happiness |
1. We’re not always good at predicting whatmakes us happy 2. We underestimate our ability to overcomechallenges 3. We adapt pretty readily and find ways to behappy even when things don’t go as planned |
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Principles guiding happiness |
Adaptation-level phenomenon Adjusting expectations Relative deprivation: who we compareourselves to matters |
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Correlations of Happiness |
Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be opImistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have an active religious faith Sleep well and exercise |
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Non-Correlations of Happiness |
Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness Intelligence Money Political Views |
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Age and Happiness |
Negative emotions decrease with age Lab studies demonstrate that age is associatedwith lower negative experiences andphysiological reactivity to lab emotioninductions |
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Shallcross et al., 2012 |
Measured acceptance & negaIve affect Results – age associated with increased acceptance, lower anger & anxiety |
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Ways to Increase Happiness |
Look into your past Focus on what you are grateful for,particularly those you tend to take forgranted Actively work and developing strong socialconnections/ relationships with others Practice “savoring” Get involved in activities that make youhappy or that you are passionate about |
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Williams et al., 2014 |
70 undergraduates - Believed to be mentoring a HS student Received hand-written note from mentee IV - either contained expression of gratitude or not Results: Participants who were thanked were more likely to provide contact details, rated mentees as having warmer personaliIes |
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Chronic strain |
Develops when astressful event becomes a permanentor chronic part of the environment |
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Aftereffects of stress |
Persist after the stressfulevent itself is no longerpresent |
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EFFECTS OF EARLY LIFE STRESSORS |
• Low SES• Exposure to violence• Living in poverty• Affects health in childhood AND healthacross the lifespan |
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Negative early environments |
increased vulnerability for depression,lung cancer, heart disease, diabetes |
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ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES(ACES) SURVEY |
Surveyed 17,500 adults about exposure toACEs• E.g., physical, emotional, or sexual abuse• Results - the higher your ACE score, theworse your health outcomes. |
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POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER(PTSD) |
1. Experience traumatic event2. Development of psychologicalsymptoms related to event - lastmore than one montho PTSD = traumatic event +psychological symptoms |
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Coping |
using thoughts and behaviorsto manage the demands of stressfulsituations |
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Negative affectivity |
•Marked by anxiety,depression, and hostility•Related to:•Poor health•All-cause mortality•Higher levels of stressindicators•Associated with poorhealth habits |
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Positivity and illness |
•Promotes better mentaland physical health•Linked with lower levels ofstress indicators•Triggers better immuneresponses•Improves coping |
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Optimism |
• Promotes; Coping & Sense of self-control • Psychological and physical health• Seek social support |
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Psychological Control |
belief thatone can exert control over stressfulevents |
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Self-Esteem |
Most protective at low levels of stress• Associated with better health habits |
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Additional Psychosocial Resources |
Conscientiousness• Self-confidence• Intelligence |
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RESILIENCE |
• Helps individuals bounce back andadapt to stressful situations• Promoting resilience• E.g., trust in others, sense of purpose |
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Grit |
perseveranceand passion for longtermgoals |
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Approach |
vigilant, confrontational |
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Avoidant |
can be effective when thestressor is short-term & uncontrollable |
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• Problem-focused |
Attempting to dosomething constructive |
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Emotion-focused |
Regulates emotionsexperienced |
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COPING INTERVENTIONS |
• Mindfulness• Expressive writing• Relaxation Therapies (e.g., deepbreathing, yoga)• Self-affirmation |
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SOCIAL SUPPORT (SS) |
Information from others that one is• Loved and cared for,• Esteemed and valued,• Part of a network of communicationand mutual obligations |
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Tangible assistance |
• Provision of material support• Services, financial assistance, or goods |
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Informational support |
• Providing support through information |
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Emotional support |
• Reassuring someone that they are important and caredfor |
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Invisible support |
Helping someone without him or her being aware of it |
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Biopsychosocial Pathways |
• SS has positive effects on thecardiovascular, endocrine, andimmune systems |
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• Direct effects hypothesis |
ss isbeneficial during non-stressful as wellas stressful times |
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Buffering hypothesis |
Physical &mentalhealth benefits of ss are chiefly evidentduring periods of high stress |
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Genetics |
some individuals are morelikely to draw on social support |
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Primary appraisal |
• Understanding what an event is and what it willmean• Appraised for their harm, threat, or challenge
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Secondary appraisal |
• Assessing whether personal resources are sufficientto meet the demands of the environment |
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Person-environment fit |
• Results from the process of appraising events,assessing potential resources, and responding tothe events |
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Oxytocin |
stress hormone |
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Holmes & Rahe’s Inventory of stressful lifeevents |
scores predict illness (modestrelation) |
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Daily stress |
Measure the strain of daily hassles (e.g.,traffic) |
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Direct physiologicaleffects of stress |
• Elevated lipids• Elevated blood pressure• Decreased immunity• Increased hormonalactivity• Neurochemicalimbalances |
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Health behaviorchanges of stress |
Increased smoking andalcohol use• Decreased sleep• Increased drug use• Poor diet, little exercise |
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Psychosocialresources of stress |
• Threatened socialsupport• Reduced optimism• Threats to self-esteem |
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Health care of stress |
• Decreased adherence totreatment• Delay in seeking care• Obscured symptomprofile• Decreased likelihood ofseeking care |
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COHEN ET AL., 2002 |
• 115 adults• Completed stressful public speakingtask• Physiological measures• Negative Life Events• Perceived stress |
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Type A Behavior Pattern |
competitive,impatient, aggressive, perfectionistic |
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Type B Behavior Pattern |
easy-going,relaxed, patient |
