Health Profession

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Medical Model

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the set of procedures traditionally used by Western physicians to diagnose and treat illness: complaint, history, physical examination, ancillary test if necessary, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis with and without treatment.

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population health

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the health outcomes of a group of people and the distribution of outcomes within that group. the field of population health assesses how patterns of health determinants affect health outcomes and develops policies and interventions that link these areas.

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reverse casuality

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when two things are related to one another but the issue of which one causes the other can be unclear. For example, we observe that people with high income are healthier than people with low income and assume that this means income is a determinant of health. It may be reverse, with good health leading to high incomes.

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health promotion

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the science and art of healing people change their lifestyles to move toward a state of optimal health. optimal health is defined as a balance of physical, emotional, social, spiritual and intellectual health.

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behavioral risk factor

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an element of personal behavior- such as unbalanced nutrition, use of tobacco products, leading a sedentary lifestyle, or the abuse of alcohol--that leads to an increased risk of developing one or more diseases or negative health conditions.

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chronic care model

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Organizing care to be proactive and focused on keeping people as healthy as possible, instead of performing reactively when people are injured or sick. a critical aspect is the focus on patient self management.

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quality improvement

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activities undertaken to improve quality relative to accepted standards of care

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social marketing

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the use of marketing to design and implement programs to promote socially beneficial behavior change

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behavioral health services

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Clinical and supportive activities intended to treat or manage mental illness and/or alcohol or substance abuse (chemical dependency)

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cash (monetary) assistance programs

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previously referred to as welfare, provide financial support to qualifying low-income individuals or families. These programs include Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), supplemental security income (SSI), and unemployment insurance (UI)

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disproportionate share hospitals

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a hospital that provides a large amount ( or disproportionate shares) of uncompensated care and/or care to medical and low income medicare beneficiaries

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dual eligieble

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describes the status of individuals in the United States who qualify to receive benefits from both the medicare and medicaid programs simultaneously

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medicaid

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a joint federal- state program of health care coverage for low income individuals, under title XIX of the federal social security act. states set benefits and eligibility requirements and administer the program. Medicaid is the major source of payment for nursing home care of the elderly.

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medicare

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a federal entitlement program of medical and health care coverage for the elderly and disabled and people with end stage renal disease, governed by Title XVII of the federal social security act and consisting of several parts: part A for institutional and home care; part B for physical care; a managed care component (infomally called part C); and part D, covering prescription drugs

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patient protection and affordable care act (ACA)

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the 2010 health reform act that could extend insurance coverage to as many as 32 million Americans. The law also included regulations that affect the quality of coverage insurers must offer. Additionally, the law created a range of initiatives focused on encouraging reform in how medical care is organized and delivered, with a goal of reducing costs and improving quality and outcomes. finally, other aspects of the law provided funding for expanded primary care capacity and a wide range of other health system improvements.

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predisposing factor

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preexisting characteristics of an individual or his or her context that may influence (encourage or inhibit) a health related behavior. some are amenable to change (e.g. knowledge, attitudes) whereas others are not (e.g. genetic or demographic characteristics)

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safety net providers

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a person or institution that delivers care for free or at a reduced cost to low income and/or uninsured patients.

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social services

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an amenity or activity offered to promote the welfare (well-being) of individuals or groups. may be offered by the government, charitable organizations or other groups seeking collective benefits.

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supportive housing programs

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a social service that couples medical assistance, supervision, or assistance in activities of daily living with safe and stable living accommodations.