Health Midterm 1

Front 1

diet is cause of how many deaths?

Back 1

2/3 of all related - heart 29%, cancer 22, cerebrovascular 7, diabetes 3

Front 2

six essential nutrients

Back 2

carbs, protein, fats/lipids, vitamins, minerals, water

Front 3

marconutrients

Back 3

carbs (simple/complex), protein, fats (sat, unsat)

Front 4

micronutrients

Back 4

vitamins, minerals, water

Front 5

fiber

Back 5

soluble v. insoluble (water, fat). protects against cancer, obesity, diabetes, heart disease

Front 6

mediterranean diet

Back 6

large amount fo olive oil, little to no red meat

Front 7

healthy eating pyramid

Back 7

more traditional, oils on bottom

Front 8

low-fat diet

Back 8

less than 10% calories from fat, 75% carbs, avoid simple sugars

Front 9

low-carb diet

Back 9

atkins, south beach - high protein, low carb

Front 10

benefits of exercise

Back 10

bone mass, body image, mental/emo well-being, cardiorespiratory fitness, immune system, longevity/quality of life,weight/stress management

Front 11

to maintain health and reduce chronic disease risk:

Back 11

moderate cardio 30 min per day, 5 days per week OR vigorous cardio 20min 3 days per week AND 8-10 strength training exercises

Front 12

to lose weight/maintain weight loss:

Back 12

60-90 min may be necessary

Front 13

physical fitness health components

Back 13

muscular strength/endurance, flexibility, body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance

Front 14

principles of phys training

Back 14

specificity: exercises spec designed for a certain component
progressive overload: body adapts, when amt is progrssively increased, fitness continues to improve

Front 15

FITT principle

Back 15

Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type

Front 16

women and exercise

Back 16

less lean body weight, half as strong in upper body, two thirds as strong in lower body

Front 17

obesity rates

Back 17

doubled in last 30 y, 1/3 of American adults, costs $117 billion p y, females cost $495 higher

Front 18

factors influencing weight

Back 18

genetics, metabolism, culture, environ, socioeconomic status, behavior

Front 19

Determining healthy weight

Back 19

Body Mass Index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio

Front 20

recommended percentage body fat

Back 20

women: 21-32%
men: 8-19%

Front 21

losing weight

Back 21

unhealthy: yo-yo dieting, diet pills, fad diets, hunger/starvation
healthy: caloric input<caloric output, increase BMR thru exercise, keep food log

Front 22

energy balance

Back 22

energy expenditure=energy intake

Front 23

what is body image?

Back 23

how we perceive our bodies visually, how we feel about physical appearance, our sense of how others view our bodies, our level of connection to our bodies

Front 24

development of body image

Back 24

74% of normal weight college women think about weight/appearance all the time or frequently

Front 25

development of body image

Back 25

factors of influence: family history of disorders, comments from friends fam, exposure to images of ideal bodies, frequent comparison to other bods, physical activity, abuse, discrimination

Front 26

negative body image

Back 26

distorted perception of size and shape, feeling of shame and anxiety, assoc size shape with personal failure, low self-esteem, depression, sexual dysfunction, dieting eating disorders

Front 27

positive body image

Back 27

realistic perception, enjoy body as is, separate physical appearance from personal value, understand healthy comes in different sizes, dont spend unreasonable amts of time worrying about food

Front 28

how to boost body image

Back 28

broaden perspective of health and beauty, de emphasize numbers, stop comparing, accept body type, nurture self

Front 29

eating disorders

Back 29

anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder

Front 30

risk factors for developing eating disorders

Back 30

young age (college) men on rise, middle to upper class, low self esteem and perfectionism, ocd depression anxiety

Front 31

characteristics of anorexia

Back 31

rigid dieting and extreme weight loss,distorted body image, rituals with food/exercise, panic after small weight gain, rigid control discipline, preoccupation with food, preparation, others eating

Front 32

anorexia health problems

Back 32

lowered body temp, lanugo and loss of hair, lowered BMR/heart rate, rough dry skin, nutrient deficiencies esp iron, low white blood cell count, ammenorrhea, constipation

Front 33

characteristics of bulimia nervosa

Back 33

secret binge eating, binge and purge, eating when depressed, fluctuating weight, loss of control

Front 34

bulimia nervosa health problems

Back 34

demineralazation of teeth, lowered blood potassium, stomach ulcers/bleeding, constipation

Front 35

characteristic of binge eating disorder

Back 35

recurrent episodes of binge eating, eating rapidly and when not hungy until overly full, disgust and distress over binging, secret eating

Front 36

anorexia treatment

Back 36

hospitilization for severe cases, eating disorder clinic

Front 37

bulimia treatment

Back 37

psychotherapy for self acceptance, est. normal eating habit, group/long term therapy, antidepressants

Front 38

binge eating treatment

Back 38

address hidden emotions, antidepressants, support groups like OA

Front 39

epidemiology

Back 39

study of pattern of disease in a pop

Front 40

incidence
prevalence

Back 40

new cases of condition over pd of time
total people affected by condition at given time

Front 41

mortality rate
morbidity rate

Back 41

incidence of death in given population over pd of time (#deaths/total pop).
incidence of illness in given pop over pd of time (#new cases/total pop)

Front 42

primary prevention

Back 42

reducing exposure to risk factor: healthy nutrition, phys activity, smoking cessation, safe sex

Front 43

secondary prevention

Back 43

early detection and prompt treatment:
screenings (hpv, mammogram), meds, lifestyle behaviors to control disease (diabetes)

Front 44

tertiary prevention

Back 44

once disease has advanced: alleviating pain, providing comfort, halting progression, restoring function thru rehab

Front 45

diversity of motherhood

Back 45

delay of marriage/fam for careers, choice not to have children, teen mothers

Front 46

by 2030

Back 46

1 in 5 women of hispanic heritage, 1 in 14 asian

Front 47

global health issue for women

Back 47

underweight, unsafe sex, high blood pressure, tobacco, alcohol

Front 48

young adult women top 5 causes of death
risky behaviors

Back 48

unintentional injuries, homicide, malignant neoplasms, suicide, heart disease.
sexual activity, substance abuse, violence, poor nutrition, lack of exercise

Front 49

CVD kills

Back 49

450,000 women annually, most coronary heart disease

Front 50

Coronary heart disease

Back 50

arteriosclerosis: disease of arteries that leads to thickening and hardening of artery wall
myocardial infarction: heart attack
embolus/thrombus: circulating/stationary blood clot
treatments: balloon angioplasty, coronary artery bypass surgery

Front 51

acute coronary syndrome

Back 51

new diagnostic category for heart attack or unstable angina: treatment before serious damage occurs

Front 52

congestive heart failure

Back 52

weak heart muscles cant perform pump with proper vigor, often older women

Front 53

congenital heat disease

Back 53

babies born with hole in septum, imperfect blood vessels or left ventricular imperfections

Front 54

rheumatic heart disease

Back 54

results from bacterial infection of streptococcus which damages heart valves

Front 55

angina pectoris

Back 55

chest pain from insufficient supply of blood/oxygen to heart

Front 56

peripheral artery disease

Back 56

extremities - blood supply is diminished

Front 57

metabolic syndrome

Back 57

group of diseases that occur together and cause CVD - elevated waist circumference, high blood lipids, low HDL, high blood cholesterol, elevated fasting blood glucose

Front 58

cerebrovascular disease

Back 58

stroke - blood vessels to and from brain become damaged

Front 59

types of stroke: ischemic

Back 59

most common, cause by cerebral thrombus or embolism (mass circulating or stationary)

Front 60

hemorrhagic stroke

Back 60

caused by ruptured blood vessels like aneurysm

Front 61

transient ischemic attacks

Back 61

TIAs warning sign of stroke

Front 62

types of disabilities cause by stroke

Back 62

lost ability to feel touch/pain/temp, paralysis, lang impairment, emo issues depression anxiety

Front 63

risk factors for CVD

Back 63

age, genetics, race, obesity, smoking, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, menopause

Front 64

gender differences for CVD

Back 64

age 25-34: 2x prevalent in males
45-54: equal btw genders
55+: higher in women (after menopause)

Front 65

from heart attack

Back 65

women more likely to die

Front 66

cancer- main groups

Back 66

carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma, hepatoma, melanoma, neuroblastoma

Front 67

benign breast disease

Back 67

fibrocystic, hyperplasia, fibraodenoma

Front 68

five levels of breast cancer

Back 68

larger lump, less likely to survive

Front 69

risk factors for breast cancer

Back 69

gender, age, family history, never children or first child after 30, early menarche or late menopause, oral contraceptive, high fat diet, alcohol, obesity

Front 70

breast cancer treatment

Back 70

lumpectomy, partial or segmental mastectomy, simple/radical mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, adjuvant therapies: chemo, radiation, hormone

Front 71

gynecological conditions: cervical cancer

Back 71

stage 0-IV, screening - pap smear, hpv test, causes: hpv, risk: smoking early sex, treatment: cyrosurgery, cone biopsy, laser cone biopsy

Front 72

benign uterine conditions

Back 72

fibroids, endometriosis - treat with hormone therapy, hysterectomy

Front 73

malignant uterine tumors

Back 73

risk: over 50, diabetes, smoking, infertility
treatment: hysterectomy radiotherapy

Front 74

benign ovarian growths

Back 74

cysts, polycystic ovarian syndrome

Front 75

ovarian cancer

Back 75

risk: no chldren, early menarche
screening: pelvic exams

Front 76

lung cancer

Back 76

risk: cigarettes, asbestos
surgery and radiotherapy

Front 77

US healthcare system - payment

Back 77

third party payer system, indemnity/fee-for-service model, managed care model

Front 78

managed care plans types

Back 78

Preferred Provider Orgs PPOs
Point-of-Serive POS
Health Maintenance Org HMOs

Front 79

choosing an insurance plan factors to consider

Back 79

pre-existing med conditions, need for services that may not be covered, co-payments, perscription plans, existing providers not in network

Front 80

private health insurance

Back 80

purchased and subsidized by employers or individuals

Front 81

public health insurance

Back 81

provided by gov: medicare, medicaid, vet administration VA, dept of defense DOD, bureau of indian affairs

Front 82

medicare

Back 82

American 65+, largest single insurer in US > 40 million, fed controlled

Front 83

medicaid

Back 83

insurance for low-income Americans, by fed and state govs, maj or people women and children, 40 million

Front 84

medicaid qualifications

Back 84

income, level of disability, need for long-term care, dependent of medicaid recipient

Front 85

medicaid basic services

Back 85

inpatient/outpatient med care, lab and x-ray services, transportation etc.

Front 86

uninsured Americans

Back 86

01-02: 74.7 million
58% women and children
higher in Af American and HIspanics
most under 30

Front 87

uninsured Americans: consequences

Back 87

significant financial risk if emergency care,avoidance of preventative care and follow-up, ineligible for discounts, significantly less access to care results: poorer health, higher hosp rates, advanced disease states, earlier deaths

Front 88

preventative care and focus on womens health

Back 88

mammogram, cerv cancer screening, smoking cessation, prenatal check ups, universal coverage gynecological exams

Front 89

investment in prevention and education leads to

Back 89

fewer maj med problems, earlier diagnosis of disease, lower health costs

Front 90

women as healthcare consumers

Back 90

make most med decisions for fam, more woman handle bills than men,

Front 91

healthcare reform: universal

Back 91

in canada and UK
proponents: it is a right for all
opponents: costly, prefer private sector free-market approach

Front 92

aging

Back 92

life expectancy men- 74.5 women 79.9, burden of aging falls on women w/o support of spouse

Front 93

long-term care

Back 93

home care - 20,000 nursing home 74.000 - most women spend life savings on services

Front 94

long term care insurance options

Back 94

private programs or medicaid

Front 95

insurance considerations

Back 95

deductibles, benefits, network, co-insurance, emergency services, co-payments, benefits cap