Health And Social Care Human Growth And Development Exam 1

Front 1

Newborn babies display a pattern of reflexes.
(a) Identify and describe one reflex. 

Back 1

Swallowing or sucking reflex- anything placed in the mouth is sucked/swallowed

•Startle reflex – loud noises or bright lights cause arms to fling outwards with elbows bent and hands clenched
• Grasp reflex – hand grasps any object or finger
touching the palm of the hand

Front 2

As babies grow older, their physical development changes.

Place the following stages
of physical development in chronological order.

 

Back 2

Sit without support

Hold rattle or similar toy

Hold head up

Crawl using hands and knees

Walk unaided

Use the whole hand to pass one toy to another

 

Front 3

Define the term growth. 

Back 3

An increase / gain in physical size / height / weight / mass.

 

Front 4

Define the term development.

Back 4

An increase in skills, capacities or abilities

 

Front 5

Examine the development of cognitive and language skills in infancy and early
childhood. 

Back 5

Cognitive- 
• Young infants – cry in response 
hungry, wet, cold ,etc
• If objects or people are not seen, they do not exist
• Begin to reason and think more logically.
• Young infants vocalise followed by “babbling” sounds
• Short phrases
• Asking questions
• Sentences
• 5-6yrs good sentences and fair vocabulary
• Use and understand speech, increasing vocabulary.

 

Front 6

Play is a vital part of a child’s all-round growth and development.
Discuss the importance of play on the growth and development of children.

Back 6

• Develops confidence /self esteem / self-concept
• Improves sense of security
• Develops the imagination and creativity
• Sense of values and right from wrong
•  social skills and ability to make relationships
• Interpretation of the world around them
• Makes sense of things
• Improves motor skills / motor control / strength /
stamina / fitness
• Enhances cognitive skills/problemsolving/
reading/writing
• Develops language and communication skills

 

Front 7

Identify and describe one example of how health professionals use the medical approach in health promotion activities. 

Back 7

• Childhood immunisation programme – to prevent
childhood infections
• ‘Flu immunisation for vulnerable sick, essential workers and people in later adulthood – to prevent influenza
• Mammography – type of X-ray to detect breast abnormalities
• Cervical smear tests – microscopy to detect cell abnormalities
 

Front 8

Maura and her mother Yana live in a small house in an area of the UK prone to flooding.
Last year, the flooding was heavy and prolonged leading to disruption of clean water
supplies and sewerage services. Yana is over 80 years of age and in the early stages of
dementia. She refused to leave the house during the flooding due to reports of looting of
properties. Maura is a schoolteacher almost 50 years of age and experiencing the symptoms
of the menopause and stress.

(a) (i) Identify the life stages of Maura and Yana.
Maura’s life stage 
Yana’s life stage 

Back 8

Maura – middle adulthood
Yana – later adulthood

Front 9

Describe three physical features of the menopause that Maura might experience. 

Back 9

The menapause
• ovarian hormones decrease due to no more eggs
• menstruation declines and finally stops
• inability to bear children/become pregnant / no more eggs
• night sweats/hot flushes due to hormones increasing
• primary and secondary sexual organs shrink

 

Front 10

Ali is one year old and just learning to walk. His mother Julie is 17 years of age and
her boyfriend Hassim is 20 years of age. At first, Julie and Hassim lived together but
now he has returned to live with his parents. This has caused arguments between Julie
and Hassim.

(a) Identify the life stage of each individual in the table below.
Name of individual /Identification of life stage 
Julie
Ali
Hassim

Back 10

Julie - Adolescence
Ali - Infancy
Hassim - Early adulthood

Front 11

Puberty involves a series of physical changes which can be different in males and
females. Identify three physical changes which are different in boys like Hassim and
girls like Julie.

Back 11

• girls menstruate, boys don’t
• girls grow breasts, boys don’t
• boys voices break, girls don’t
• girls hips widen, boys don’t
• different hair patterns

Front 12

Julie is a heavy smoker. State one effect this might have on Ali’s health. 

Back 12

• poor growth
• chest infections
• asthma
• poor oxygenation of blood
• cough
• anaemic
• slower to achieve norms for age
• income spent on cigarettes may lead to poor
nutrition/toys/quality of life

Front 13

Discuss how living on a low income may impact on Julie and Ali’s growth and development.

Back 13

Negative
• poor nutrition –tendency to consume cheap,
convenient fatty foods high in sugar
• weight change
• less likely to buy fresh fruit and vegetables
• not able to take holidays
• getting about is very difficult as transport
expensive
• living in high crime areas/fear of going out
• living in likely to be polluted, basic, damp and uncomfortable
• few items of clothing, furniture etc
• fuel poverty/cold
• unlikely to meet new people/develop
relationships/loneliness/poor social development
• low self concept/low self esteem
• depression/withdrawal/isolation
• community facilities poor
• health and social care poor
• stress/anxiety

Positive
• sense of achievement
• builds character
• increase creativity/imagination
• walk/play in parks – healthier lifestyle
• cognitive development through free
libraries/museums, etc.
 

Front 14

Identify and explain how two factors influence personal views of health. 

Back 14

• person’s age
• social background/social class
• cultural heritage/religion
• personal experiences particularly of health
• circumstances in which they live
• income
• education

Social background: relationships (intimate, family or general), social class
Personal experiences: disability, pain, surgery,
Chronic illness, allergies
Circumstances in which they live: crime area, lack of services, lack of transport
Income: poverty, malnutrition, cost of living

Front 15

Describe the general aims of health promotion campaigns. 

Back 15

• making people more aware of health issues eg  addictions, sexual behaviour
• improving fitness levels generally eg exercise, healthy eating
• helping prevent ill health eg smoking cessation,reducing alcohol consumption, immunisations

Front 16

A group of volunteers work for a charity known as “Advice” under the supervision of
a paid trained worker. Advice aims to help people with daily life problems such as
debt, employment, housing, welfare benefits and relationships.
Keith, a volunteer advisor, is meeting with Paul who is 17 years of age and
unemployed. He is seeking advice on whether it would be a good idea for him to
enrol at college for a vocational qualification.

(a) Explain the term adolescence. 

Back 16

· Between childhood and (early) adulthood 
· Age range 9-18 yrs 
· Turn into man/woman/ go through puberty/child into adult
· Time period when the body prepares for (sexual)
reproduction/ menstruation/produce ova/sperm 

Front 17

Describe one physical, one social and one emotional feature of adolescence. 

Back 17

Physical –Growth of sexual organs/growth spurt/widening of shoulders or hips/onset of menstruation/growth of breasts/development of body hair/voice breaking
Social – friends more important than family/socially
independent/intimate friendships/interests as peers
Emotional-rebellious/moodyindependence

 

Front 18

Self-concept is viewed as a combination of self-esteem and self-image.

 Explain the difference between self-esteem and self-image. 

Back 18

How an individual sees/views/perceives themselves –self image
whereas how an individual feels/values themselves is self esteem.
Feel good factor / confidence 
appearance/looks/pretty/ugly 
or anything to do with mirrors
 

Front 19

Discuss how unemployment may have affected Paul’s self-concept.

Back 19

Increased/maintain self concept/Positive
 Time to fully prepare for any interviews /learn new skills / feels he has done his best
· Has time to meet with friends/meet new people/develop socially/ makes him feel good
· Many other people in same position so self esteem maintained
· Able to claim benefits to live on
Decreased self concept/Negative
· Feels dependent on state handouts
· May feel depressed
· Feels rejected/ worthless/isolated/

discriminated against
· Angry/resentful/disappointed
· Low self esteem/ low self image/doesn’t feel good / sees self as failure
· No money for clothes/leisure/luxuries
· May be tempted/get into trouble/ get into debt
· Boredom/unable to progress
Points must be qualified by effect on self-image/self-esteem/self concept 

Front 20

Examine the advantages and disadvantages that Paul may experience if he returns
to full-time education.

Back 20

Advantages
· Can progress/Higher education/purpose in life
· Secure a better job with more money eventually
· Make a new circle of friends
· Raise self esteem/self concept
· Become more confident
· Enhance cognitive skills / communication skills
· Join in other activities eg sport
Disadvantages
· Worry that a job that he wants comes after he starts
· Anxiety about his intellectual/practical skills/ integrating
· Still might be unemployed after college
· Levels of debt he might incur
· Lose benefits
· Anxiety about living expenses

Front 21

Keith, the volunteer advisor, is 68 years of age and a retired business manager.

 Identify Keith’s life stage. 

Back 21

Later adulthood

Front 22

Identify three physical features characteristic of Keith’s life stage. 

Back 22

· Eyesight deteriorates /declines because the lens is less elastic/harder and the muscles are weaker
· Hearing reduces /declines because the small
bones/joints become arthritic/stiff
· Skin elasticity is less so wrinkles form.

Elastic degenerates
with time.
· Mobility is reduced due to joints becoming stiff as the
cartilage wears out /balance deteriorates
· Organs become less efficient as tissues age and blood supply
gets less / immune system deteriorates
· Height decrease/get shorter
· Bones become less dense/ weaker/ more liable to fracture
NOT brittle/fragile bones, wrinkles, hair grey/white.
 

Front 23

Explain why Keith spends some of his leisure time doing unpaid voluntary work.

Back 23

· Retired so prevents boredom
· Wishes to repay society/give something back
· Increase social development by keeping work colleagues
· Extend his own knowledge
· Use his experience of life
· Remain active both mentally and physically
· Raise/maintain self-esteem/image/concept
· Make new friends
· Pleasure/ personal satisfaction

Front 24

Eve is the paid supervisor at “Advice”; she is currently divorcing her husband who has
formed a relationship with a younger woman.

 Examine how Eve’s relationship problems may be affecting her work. 

Back 24

 PIES
Physical
· Stress / irritable with people
· Lack of sleep / tired / can’t be bothered 
· Vulnerable to infection / time off work
· Weight loss / gain / altered self image
Emotional
· Angry / resentful (anti-men) / judgemental
· Sad / tearful / work problems have greater effect
· Lowered self-esteem / image/concept / lack of leadership
· Withdrawn emotionally / depressed
· Disinclined to talk / unhelpful
Social
· Lonely / isolated
· Doesn’t go out
· Withdrawn socially
Intellectual
· Unable to concentrate/ distracted /  lower work
performance
· Makes mistakes / inefficient
· Loss of interest in work / can’t be bothered
 

Front 25

Eve had a few weeks off work due to the stress from the break-up of her marriage.
Discuss how stress may affect Eve physically and emotionally. 

Back 25

Physical
· Adrenaline release, high blood pressure, heart disease
· Digestive disorders, diarrhoea, ulcers
· Palpitations, tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
· Skin disorders
· Sleeplessness
· Vulnerability to infection
· Headaches/migraines
· Loss/gaining weight
Emotional
· Panic attacks
· Anxiety
· Neuroses
· OCD (obsessive compulsory disorder)
· Depression
· Tiredness due to sleeplessness
· Irritability
· Anger/aggression
· Low self image/esteem/concept