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134 Cards in this Set
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Psychological health |
The sum of how we think, feel, relate, and exist in our day-to-day lives. |
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Most experts identify several basic elements share by psychologically healthy people. |
They feel good about themselves, they feel comfortable with other people and express respect and compassion towards others, they control tension and anxiety, they meet the demands of life, they curb hate and guilt, they maintain a positive outlook, they value diversity, and they appreciate and respect nature. |
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Psychologist have argued that before we can achieve characteristics of psychologically healthy people, we must have certain basic needs met in our live. |
Psychologist Abraham Maslow's developed a hierarchy of needs to describe this idea. At the bottom of this hierarchy are basic survival needs such as food, sleep, water, and sexual expression. At the next level are security needs, these include shelter, safety, and protection. Social needs make up the 3rd level and include a sense of belonging and affection. At the 4th level are esteem needs, self respect, respect for others, and accomplishment. Finally, at the top are needs for self actualization and self transcendence. Failure to meet any of the lower level of needs will interfere with a person's ability to address the upper level needs. |
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Psychological health includes |
Mental- thinking, emotional- feeling, social- relating, physical- physiological functioning, and spiritual- being, dimensions of health. |
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Mental health |
Describes the thinking or rational dimension of our health. A mentally healthy person perceives life in realistic ways, can adapt to change, can develop rational strategies to solve problems, and carry Out personal and professional responsibilities. In addition, a mentally healthy person has the intellectual ability to learn and use information effectively and strive for continued growth. This is often referred to as intellectual health, a subset of mental health. |
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Emotional health |
This refers to the feeling, or subjective, side of psychological health. Emotions are intensified feelings or complex patterns of feelings that we experience on a regular basis. |
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Emotions are described as the interplay of 4 components. |
Physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive thought processes, and behavioural reactions. As rational beings, We are responsible for evaluating our individual emotional responses, their causes, and the appropriateness of our actions. This also means that rather than expressing violence, we can Show emotions in appropriate ways. Emotionally unhealthy people are much more likely to let their feelings overpower them. |
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Emotional intelligence |
This is the ability to identify, use, understand, and manage one's emotions in positive and constructive ways. People who feel hostile, withdrawn, or Moody may become socially isolated. This is a danger because family and friends might avoid them at times they need the most emotional support. |
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Social health |
This includes a person's interactions with other people individually and in groups, the ability to use social resources and support in times of need, and the ability to adapt to a variety of social situations. Socially healthy people enjoy a wide range of interactions with family, friend's comment and acquaintances and are able to have healthy interactions with an intimate partner. They can listen, express themselves, form healthy attachments, and act in socially acceptable in responsible ways. |
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How can I increase the social support in my life? |
Fostering a solid social support group can be a simple as spending time playing a game with friends. Physical health effects mental health, so doing something active with others is doubly beneficial. |
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Social bonds |
These reflect the level of closeness and attachment that we develop with Other individuals, and are the very foundation of human life. They provide intimacy, feelings of belonging, opportunities for giving and receiving nurturance, reassurance of one's worth, assistance and guidance, and advice. |
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Social support |
This refers to the people and services with whom we interact and share social connections. These ties can provide tangible support, such as babysitting services or money to help pay the bills, or intangible support, such as encouraging you to share your concerns. Social support can also aid students in college to be more successful overall. |
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Sources of support |
Communities with which we live in, religious institutions, schools, clinics, public health programs and services, social services, and local businesses that work to provide support for people in need. |
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Spiritual health |
This refers to the santa belonging to something greater than the purely physical or personal dimensions of existence. For some, this is a unifying force, for others it is a feeling of connection to other people, and for others a force of God or higher power. Spirituality is broader In meaning than religion, it goes beyond material values and can be defined as an individual sense of purpose and meaning in life and a sense of peace and connection with others in the social and physical environment. |
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Factors that influence psychological health |
These are family, support systems communities, Self-efficacy and self-esteem, Personality, lifespan and maturity, happiness and the mind body connection. |
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Family |
Families have a significant influence on psychological development. Healthy families model and help develop the cognitive and social skills necessary to solve problems, express emotions in socially acceptable ways, manage stress, and develop a sense of self worth and purpose. In adulthood, family support is one of the best predictors of health and happiness. |
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Dysfunctional families |
Those with which there is violence, distrust, anger, dietary deprivation, drug abuse, significant parental discord, or abuse. This can have an increased risk of psychological problems. However, not everyone who is raised in a dysfunctional family become psychologically unhealthy, and not everyone from a healthy environment becomes well adjusted. |
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Support system |
Initially this may be provided by family, but as we develop, the support of peers becomes more and more important. We rely on friends to help us figure out who we are and what we want to do with our lives. Having people in our lives who provide support and who we can rely on is important to our psychological health. |
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Community |
This can happen through collective action. For example, neighbours may come together to pick up trash, participate in a neighbourhood watch, or initiate a community picnic. This fosters a safe environment in which to develop your mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions. |
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Self-efficacy and self-esteem |
During formative years, successes and failures in school, Athletics, frenship's, relationships, jobs, and every other aspect of life subtly shape our beliefs about our personal worth and abilities. Self-efficacy Describes a person's belief about whether he or she can successfully engage in and execute a specific behaviour. Self-esteem refers to one sense of self respect or Self-worth. People who have both tend to express a positive outlook on life. However, excessive self-esteem taking to extremes might result in a narcissistic philosophy of life that could be detrimental. |
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Learned helplessness |
Psychologist Martin Seligman Propose that people who continually experience failure may develop a pattern of response known as learned helplessness, in which they give up and fail to take action to help themselves. Select men ascribe this response in part to societys tendency toward victimology, Blaming one's problems on other people and circumstances. |
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Learned optimism |
Many Self Help programs use elements of seligman's principle of learned optimism, the idea that by changing our self talk, examining our reactions, and blocking negative thoughts, we can unlearn negative thought processes that have become habitual. |
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Personality |
This is your unique mix of characteristics that distinguish you from others, as influenced by heredity, environment, culture, and experience. This determines how we react to the challenges of life, interpret our feelings, and resolve conflicts. A leading personality theory distils personality into 5 traits. |
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5 traits of personality |
Agreeableness, people who score higher trusting, likable, and demonstrate friendly Compliance and love, low scores are critical and suspicious. Openness, people who score high demonstrate curiosity, independence, and imagination, low scores are more conventional and down-to-earth. Neuroticism, people who score high are anxious and insecure, low score show the ability to maintain emotional control. Conscientiousness, People who score high are dependable and Demonstrate self control, discipline, and a need to achieve, low scores are disorganised and impulsive. Extraversion, people who score high adapt well to social situations, demonstrate assertiveness, and draw enjoyment from the company of others, low scores are more reserved and passive. |
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Lifespan and maturity |
Our temperaments changes we grow, and most of us learn to control our emotions as we age. As we transition away from families it is easier for those who have accomplished earlier stages. People who have not fulfilled these earlier task may find their lives interrupted by recurrent crisis left over from earlier stages. For example, those who did not learn to trust others in childhood may have difficulty establishing intimate relationships as adults. |
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Happiness and the mind body connection |
At the core of this mind body connection is the study of psychoneuroimmunology, Or how the brain and behaviour affect the body's immune system. |
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Positive psychology |
According to psychologist Martin selectmen, positive psychology is the scientific study of human strengths and virtues. People described as mentally healthy have strength and virtues in common. For instance, they have high self-esteem, they are realistic, they value close relationships with others, they approach life with excitement and energy, they think things through and examine things from all sides. Selectman Suggest that we can develop well being by practicing positive psychological actions that he described as perma. The study of happiness is a part of the study of positive psychology. |
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Perma, 5 elements of wellbeing |
This stands for positive emotion, engagements, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment, that helps humans flourish. |
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Happiness |
A collective term for several positive States in which individuals actively embraced the world around them. Happy people share 4 characteristics, health- knowing and partaking in healthy habits, intimacy- being able to enjoy the company of friends and family and practice empathy, resources- possessing agency over conditions in life, and competence- the knowledge and ability to learn new skills. People who experience more feelings of happiness have fewer mental health issues, behavioural health issues, and physical health issues. |
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Strategies to enhance psychological health |
Develop a support system, complete required task to the best of your ability, form realistic expectations, make time for yourself, maintain physical health, examine problems and seek help when necessary, and get adequate sleep. Psychological health involves 4 dimensions, These include Building Self-efficacy and self-esteem, Understanding and controlling emotions, maintaining support networks, and learning to solve problems and decision making. |
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Tips to enhance your support network and maintain positive relationships |
Keeping contact by any means with old friends an important family members which can provide a foundation of unconditional love that will help you through life transitions. Lend a listening ear, pay attention to your friend's emotions, and be there for your friends when they are down. They Will be more likely to reciprocate for you when your in a rough spot. Make time for others by chatting with a classmate after class, sharing a story over coffee with a coworker, or inviting a new friend to hang out are all ways to Foster lasting relationships. |
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Spirituality |
An internal, or personal, search for meaning and answers about life, the sacred, or the transcendent, whether that be a higher power or being, the essential goodness of life, or our relationship with nature or forces we cannot explain. Spirituality tends to defy the boundaries that strict definitions imposed. The word root, spirit, in many cultures refers to breath, or the force that animates life. Spirituality and religion are not the same thing. |
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Religion |
A set of rituals, beliefs, symbols, and practices intended to enable a feeling of connection to the holy or divine, often represented by specific deities. It is possible to be spiritual and not religious, religious and not spiritual, and both spiritual and religious. A global survey revealed that 4 out of 5 people worldwide are religiously affiliated, but also 16%, 1.1 billion, are not affiliated, making them the 3rd largest group surveyed. |
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Elements of spiritual |
Another definition of spirituality integrates 3 facets, relationships, values, and purpose in life. F you ever wondered whether someone you were attracted to is right for you, have wished you had more friends, or that you are a better friend to yourself, are often triggers Of spiritual health. At the same time, healthy relationships are a sign of spiritual well-being. When we think well of ourselves, and consequently treat others with respect, honesty, integrity, and love, we are manifesting our spiritual health. |
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Value |
A set of one's principles, the set of fundamental rules by which we conduct our lives. When we attempt to clarify our values and live according to them, we are engaging in spiritual work. Contemplating questions about one's purpose in life Foster spiritual growth. Our relationships, values, and sense of purpose together contribute to our overall spiritual intelligence. |
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Spiritual intelligence |
This term was introduced by physicist and philosopher Dana Zohar, Who defined it as an ability to access higher meanings, values, abiding purposes, and unconscious aspects of the self. This includes self awareness, spontaneity, And compassion. Spiritual intelligence helps us use meanings, values, and purposes to live richer and more creative lives. |
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Physical benefits of spiritual health |
The national centre for complimentary and integrated health is researching how The interventions of mindfulness, acupuncture, meditation, massages, and etc, can change our perceptions and control pain, in addition to other health outcomes. They contend that when we get sick, spiritual or religious well being may help to restore health and improve our quality of life By decreasing anxiety, depression, anger, discomfort, and feelings of isolation, decreasing alcohol and drug abuse, decreasing blood pressure and the risk of heart disease, increasing the ability to cope with the effects of illness and with medical treatments, and increasing feelings of hope and optimism, freedom from regret, satisfaction with life, and inner peace. This has also been shown to have the ability to cope with a variety of physical illnesses, including cancer. |
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Psychological benefits of spiritual help |
Studies have found that spirituality reduce levels of anxiety, stress, and depression. Academic studies have shown that spirituality may provide a protective factor against burnout. Psychologist at the US department of veteran affairs have done extensive clinical work with veterans who are experiencing post traumatic stress disorder as a result of their combat service. Research suggests that after trauma powerful emotions such as anger, rage, and wanting to get even are moderated, or softened, by psychological or emotional actions such as forgiveness calm compassion, or other application of spiritual beliefs and practices. |
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Spiritual community |
A group of people meeting together for the purpose of enriching and expanding their spirituality, also benefit from increased social support. These can be charitable organisations, religious groups, book clubs, meditation circles, social gatherings, fundraising to help people, or spiritual learning experiences Can help with members thinking critically about their lives and actions and to avoid isolation. |
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Can volunteers benefit from helping others? |
Volunteering, and the associated helper's high, can positively affect your overall health. Many students contribute their time in skills to volunteer organisations. |
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Stress reduction benefits Of spiritual health |
NCI Also cite stress reduction eze one probable mechanism among spiritually healthy people for improved health and longevity and for better Coping with illness. Studies also suggest that increasing mindfulness through meditation reduces stress levels not only in people with physical and mental disorders, But also in healthy people. |
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How does spirituality influence health? |
Spirituality is widely acknowledged to have a positive impact on health and wellness. The benefits range from reductions in overall morbidity and mortality 2 improved abilities to cope with illness and stress. |
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How does religion affect health? |
Many people find that religious practices help them to focus on their spirituality. Spiritual well being, including the use of prayer, can improve the ability to cope with decrease stress. |
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Tune in to yourself and your surroundings |
For ancient practices used throughout the world can help you tune in, contemplation, mindfulness, meditation, and prayer. |
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Contemplation |
In the domain of spirituality, contemplation usually refers to concentrating the mind on a spiritual or ethical question or subject, a view of the natural world, or an icon or other image representative of divinity. Most religious and spiritual traditions advocate engaging in the contemplation of gratitude, forgiveness, and Unconditional love. This engagement can take many forms, such as journaling or blogging. |
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Mindfulness |
Mindfulness is the ability to be fully present in the moment, to focus your thoughts and engage in non judgmental observation. This involves tuning in rather than living your life worrying or on auto pilot much of the time. Living mindfully means allowing yourself to Observe, To register what you are seeing and be wholly aware of what we are feeling in each moment. |
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Meditation |
A practice of cultivating a still or quiet mind. In many ways, meditation and mindfulness go hand-in-hand. For thousands of years cultures and traditions have found that achieving periods of meditative stillness each day in Hance's spiritual health. Today, researchers are discovering why. Study suggests that people who engage in mindfulness and compassion meditation show a significantly increased level of empathy, the ability to understand and share another person's experience, as well as increased levels of compassion towards others. Studies also suggest that mindfulness meditation improves the brain's ability to process information, reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, reduce insomnia, improve concentration, and decrease blood pressure. Imaging techniques actually revealed differences in the brain structures of experienced meditators compared to those who do not. These scans have shown meditation to boost grey matter density in parts of the brain that are critical to learning and memory and improve psychological and emotional health, compassion, and introspection. At the same time, mindfulness meditation May decrease grey matter in areas of the brain that are known to play a key role in anxiety and stress. |
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Options for meditation |
Mantra meditation, breath meditation, color meditation, and candle meditation. |
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Mantra meditation |
Focusing on a mantra, a single word such as om, amen, love, or god, and repeat this word silently. When is distracting thought arises, simply set it aside. It may help to imagine the thought as a leaf, and visualise placing it on a gently flowing stream. Do not fault yourself for becoming distracted. Simply noticed the thought, release it, and return to your mantra. |
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Breath meditation |
Count each breath, pay attention to each inhalation, the brief pause that follows, and the exhalation. Together, these equal one breath. When you have counted 10 breath, return to 1. As with mantra meditation, release distractions as they arise, and return to following the breath. |
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Color meditation |
When your eyes are closed, you may perceive a field of colour, such as a deep, restful blue. Focus on this colour. Treat distractions as in other forms of meditation. |
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Candle meditation |
With your eyes open, focus on the flame of a candle. Allow your focus to soften as you meditate on this object. Treat distractions as in the other forms of meditation. |
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Prayer |
An individual focuses the mind in communication with a transcendent presence. For many people, prayer offers a sense of comfort, a sense that we are not alone. It can be the means of expressing concern for others, admission of transgressions, seeking forgiveness, and renewing hope and purpose. Focusing on things we are grateful for can move people to look to the future with hope and give them the strength to get through the most challenging times. |
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Train your body |
For thousands of years, spiritual seekers have pursued transcendence through physical means. One foremost example is the practice of yoga. Many people in the West tend to picture yoga As having to do with the number of physical postures and some controlled breathing, more traditional forms also emphasised chanting Khama meditation, and other techniques that are believed to encourage unity with the atman, or spiritual life principle of the universe. The practices of tai Chi or qigong Can also increase physical activity and mental focus. With roots in Chinese medicine, both have been shown to have beneficial effects on bone health, stress, cardiopulmonary fitness, mood, balance, and quality of life. Training your body to improve your spiritual health doesn't necessarily require you to engage in a formal practice. Mindfulness while exercising or engaging in physical pursuits can enhance the physical benefits. |
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Reaching out to others |
Altruism, the giving of oneself out of genuine concern for others, is a key aspect of the spiritually healthy lifestyle. Selfless acts are ways to serve others and simultaneously enhance your own spiritual and overall health. Researchers have referred to the benefits of volunteering as a helper's high, a specific feeling connected with helping others. |
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Recognising that we are all part of a greater system with responsibilities to and for others is a key part of spiritual growth. Volunteer in your time and energy is a great way to connect with other people and help make the world a better place while improving your own health. |
True |
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When psychological health deteriorates |
Some circumstances such as stress, anxiety, loneliness, financial upheavals, and other traumatic events can derail our coping resources, causing us to turn inward or act in ways outside the norm. These can be brought about by chemical imbalances, drug interactions, trauma, neurological disruptions, and other physical problems. |
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Mental illnesses |
These are disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling common moods, and behaviours, causing varying degrees of impaired functioning in daily living. They are believed to be caused by a variety of biochemical, genetic, and environmental factors. Among the most common risk factors are a genetic or family predisposition And excessive, unresolved stress, particularly due to trauma or war or devastating natural or human caused disaster. Changes in biochemistry due to illness, drug use, or other imbalances may trigger unusual mental disturbances. Car accidents or occupational injuries that cause physical brain trauma are among common threats to brain health. In addition, a mother's exposure to viruses or toxic chemicals while pregnant may play a part, as can having a history of child abuse or neglect. |
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Mental illnesses continued |
Mental illnesses can range from mild to severe and can exact a heavy toll on quality of life, both for people with the illnesses and for those who are in contact with them. |
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Diagnostic and statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) |
Mental disorders are common in the United States and worldwide. An estimated 17.9% of Americans age 18 and older, just slightly under 1 in 5 adults, suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year, and nearly half of them have more than one mental illness at the same time period about 5%, approximately 1 in 20, suffer from a serious mental illness requiring close monitoring, residential care in many instances, and medication. Mental disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide for people age 15 to 44, costing more than 464 billion annually in the United States alone. Among college students, mental health problems are growing in both number and severity. The most recent national college health assessment survey found that approximately 38.2% of undergraduates reported feeling so depressed it was difficult to function at least once in the past year, and 10.4% of students reported seriously considering attempting suicide in the past year. In all, more than 1 in 4 college students are diagnosed or treated by a professional for a mental health issue every year. Anxiety is the most common reported mental health issue, 19.1%, with depression, 15.2%, not far behind, consider suicide, 10.4%, intentionally injured themselves, 6.9%, and attempted suicide, 1.9%. |
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Anxiety disorders |
Anxiety disorders are characterised by persistent feelings of threat and worry and are the largest mental health problem in the United States, affecting more than 40 million people each year. These disorders are most prevalent among 13 to 17 year old. Approximately 19.1% of us undergraduates report having been diagnosed with or treated for anxiety in the past year. |
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Generalised anxiety disorder |
To be diagnosed with generalised anxiety disorder, the person must exhibit at least 3 symptoms on most days during a 6 month period, restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, and/or sleep disturbances. Generalised anxiety disorder often runs in families and is readily treatable. |
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Panic disorder |
This is characterised by panic attacks cama acute anxiety bringing on an intense physical reaction. Approximately 9.6% of college students report having been diagnosed or treated for panic attacks in the last year. Panic attacks and disorders are increasing, particularly among young women. Although highly treatable, panic attacks may become debilitating and socially isolating. Panic attacks begin abruptly Chama peak within 10 minutes, last about 30 minutes, and leave the person tired and drained. Symptoms include increased respiration, chills, hot flashes, shortness of breath, stomach cramps, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and a sense of doom or impending death. |
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Phobias |
Phobias, or phobic disorders, involved persistent an irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation, often out of proportion to circumstances. Between 5 and 12% of American adults suffer from specific phobias, such as fear of spiders, snakes, or riding in elevators. Another 7.4% of American adults suffer from social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia. |
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Social anxiety disorder |
A social phobia Characterised by persistent fear and avoidance of social situations. A person with social anxiety disorder dreads situations a being humiliated, embarrassed, or perhaps even looked at. Some individuals experience difficulties only in specific situations, such as public speaking. In extreme cases, a person avoids all contact with others. |
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Obsessive compulsive disorder |
People who fail compelled to perform rituals over and over again, who are Fearful of dirt or contamination, who have an unnatural concern about order, symmetry, and exactness, or have persistent intrusive thoughts may be suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder. Approximately 1% of Americans age 18 and over have OCD. Unlike a perfectionist, a person with OCD often knows that the behaviours are rational yet is powerless to stop them. Although the exact cause of OCD is unknown, genetics, biological abnormalities, learned behaviours, And environmental factors have all been considered. Symptoms of OCD usually 1st appear in childhood or the teen years, most people with OCD are diagnosed before age 20. |
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Post traumatic stress disorder |
People who have experienced or witnessed a natural disaster, violent assault, combat, or other traumatic event may develop post traumatic stress disorder. Although P TSD has historically been listed as an anxiety disorder and shares many characteristics with anxiety disorders, changes in the dsm have moved P TSD to its own section of mental disorders. About 7% of Americans will experience P TSD in their lifetimes. Rates for women are twice as high as those for men. 14% of US combat veterans who fought in Iraq and Afghanistan have experience P TSD. However, the worst stressful experiences reported frequently by people with P TSD are not war related but rather the unexpected death, illness, or injury of someone close, sexual assault, natural disasters, serious accidents, violent assault, and terrorism. This is not a form of weakness, Traumatic events can actually cause chemical changes in the brain, leading to P TSD. Symptoms of P TSD include dissociation, or perceived detachment of the mind from the emotional state or even the body, intrusive recollections of the traumatic events, flashbacks, nightmares, or recurring thoughts, acute anxiety or nervousness in which the person is hyper aroused, may cry easily, or may experience mood swings, insomnia and difficulty concentrating, intense physiological reactions, such as shaking or nausea, when reminded of the traumatic event. P TSD may be diagnosed if a person experiences symptoms for at least one month after a traumatic event. However, in some cases, symptoms don't appear until months or even years later. |
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Development of anxiety disorders |
Anxiety disorders vary in complexity and degree, and scientists have yet to find clear reasons why one person develops them and another does not. The possible causes can be biology, positron emission tomographies scans can identify brain areas that react during anxiety producing events. We may inherit tendencies toward anxiety disorders. Environment, although genetic tendencies may exist, experiencing a repeated pattern of reaction to certain situations programs the brain to respond in a certain way. For example, if your sibling screamed whenever he saw a spider, you might react with anxiety to spiders later in life. Social and cultural roles, because men and women are taught to assume different roles in society, women may find it more acceptable to express extreme ixias. Men, in contrast, may learn to repress such anxieties rather than act on them. |
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Mood disorders |
Chronic mood disorders are those that affect how you feel. In any given year, approximately 10% of Americans age 18 or older suffer from a mood disorder. |
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Major depression |
Major depression, or clinical depression, is the most common mood disorder, affecting approximately 9% of the US population in a given year. Major depression is characterised by a combination of behavioural and emotional symptoms that may interfere with work, study, sleep, appetite, relationships, and enjoyment of life. Symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years and may vary in intensity. Sadness and despair are the main symptoms of depression and examples include loss of motivation or interest in pleasurable activities, preoccupation with failures and Inadequacies, Difficulty concentrating, in decisiveness, memory lapses, loss of sex drive or interest in close interactions with others, fatigue and loss of energy, slow reactions, sleeping too much or too little, feeling agitated, worthless, or hopeless, withdraw from friends and family, diminished or increased appetite, significant weight loss or gain, recurring thoughts that life isn't worth living, thoughts of death, or suicide. |
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Depression in college students |
This is a major obstacle to healthy adjustment and success in college. A recent study show that 15.4% of college students report depression had a serious impact on their academic performance in the past 12 months. International students are particularly vulnerable to depression and other mental health concerns. Most campuses have counselling centres, cultural centres, and other services available, though many students do not use them because of persistent stigma. |
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What are the symptoms of depression? |
There is more to depression than simply feeling down. A person who is clinically depressed finds it difficult to function, sometimes struggling just to get out of bed in the morning or to follow a conversation. |
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Persistent depressive disorder |
Formerly called dysthymic disorder or dysthymia, Is a less severe form of chronic mild depression. Individuals with this may appear to function well but may lack energy or may fatigue easily, be short tempered, overly pessimistic, and ornery. People may cycle into major depression overtime. For a diagnosis, symptoms must persist for at least 2 years in adults or one year in children. This disorder affects approximately 1.5% of the adult population in the United States in a given year. |
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Bipolar disorder |
Also known as manic depressive disorder, characterised by severe mood swings, ranging from extreme highs, Mania,2 extreme lows, depression.This wings can be dramatic and rapid or more gradual. During the manic phase, people may be overactive, talkative, and have tons of energy. In the depressed phase, they may experience symptoms of major depression.Although the cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, biological, Genetic, and environmental factors such as drug abuse and stressful or psychological traumatic events seem to be triggers.There are several counselling and pharmaceutical options, most can live a healthy functional life while being treated. In the United States, bipolar disorder affects approximately 2.6% of adults and 11.2% of 13 to 18 year old. |
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Seasonal affective disorder |
This occurs during Winter and is associated with reduced exposure to sunlight. People suffer irritability, apathy, carbohydrate craving and wait game, increased sleep, and general sadness. Several factors are implicated including disruption in the body's natural circadian rhythms and changes in levels of the hormone militan and the brain chemical serotonin in period over 500000 people in the United States suffer from seasonal affective disorder. Nearly 3 fourths of those are women in early adulthood, particularly those living in high latitudes with long Winter nights. The most beneficial treatment For seasonal affective disorder is light therapy, using lamps that simulate sunlight. Others include diet change, increased exercise, stress management, sleep restriction, limiting sleep in 24hr period, psychotherapy, and prescription medication. |
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Causes of mood disorders |
These include biological differences, hormones, inherited traits, life events, and early childhood trauma. The biology Of mood disorders is related to levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. Depression and bipolar disorder appeared to have a genetic component. Although, depression can also be triggered by light changes. Research shows that changes in physical health can also bring about mental changes, particularly depression, Such a stroke, heart attack, cancer, parkinson's disease, chronic pain, diabetes, certain medications, alcohol, hormonal disorders, and a range of other afflictions. |
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Depression across gender, age, and ethnicity |
Women are almost twice as likely to experience depression as men are, partially as a result of hormonal changes. Other factors include work, child rearing, single parenthood, household work, and elder care, at rates higher than those of men. Unintended pregnancy and postpartum depression, violence and abuse in the home, and issues with career, control, and other issues can also lead to depression. Additionally, gender differences in coping strategies have Proposed that some women strategies make them more vulnerable to depression. Depression in men is often mass buy alcohol or drug abuse or by excessive working. Depressed men present themselves as irritable, angry, and discouraged. Factors include work problems, money problems, relationship problems, loss, and a host of other problems.Men who are depressed are 4 times more likely than other men to commit suicide. Men are also less likely to admit they are depressed for the stigma behind it. Depression is associated with increased risk Of heart disease in both men and women but with a higher risk of death by heart disease in men. Depression affects nearly 3% of children in the United States. Boys have more depression up until age 10, and girls have higher rates after age 16 period between ages 12 and 17, rates of depression sore, and nearly 13% of adolescents are depressed. Other conditions such as bipolar disorder, attention deficit disorder, and obsessive compulsive behaviours may mask underlying depression for years. These youth may have difficulties in school, sleep insistently, and engage in self mutilation and/or drug use and other behaviours. They may be antisocial and lonely. Depressed people have a suicide rate that is 12 times that of their non depressed peers. Depression among older adults is a major problem, and only 10% of cases are diagnosed and treated. Uninsured people with low income are particularly vulnerable and have little access to resources. Symptoms of depression may be mistaken for dementia or other problems, and medications given to these individuals may exacerbate such symptoms. Suicide rates among older adult men are higher than the rates of the general population. Rates of depression are higher among African Americans and latinos than among whites. African American males, specifically, may avoid professional help because of the stigma attached to mental illness in the African American community as well as a greater distrust of physicians and poor patient physician communication. Data indicates that African Americans who report depression symptoms to a health care provider are significantly less likely to receive a depression diagnosis then are non Hispanic whites. |
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Dealing with defeating depression |
Be realistic and set appropriate personal goals. Break large tasks into small ones, set priorities, and do what you can as you can. Try to be with other people and to confide in someone. Mild exercise and religious or social activities may help. Try meditation, yoga, tychy, or other mind body practice. Expect your mood to improve gradually, not immediately. Before deciding to make a significant transition, change jobs, or get married or divorced, discuss the situation with people who know you well. Let family and friends help you. Continue working with your counsellor, if she or he isn't helpful, look for another. |
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Personality disorders |
A personality disorder Is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectation of the individuals culture and is pervasive and inflexible. People find interactions with these individuals challenging and sometimes destructive. Some personality disorders include paranoid personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and schizophrenia. |
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Paranoid personality disorder |
This involves pervasive, unfounded mistrust of others, irrational jealousy, and secretiveness, often with delusions of being persecuted. |
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Narcissistic personality disorder |
This involves an Exaggerated sense of self importance and self absorption, suffers are overly needy and demanding and feel entitled to nothing but the best. |
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Anti social personality disorder |
This involves a long term pattern of manipulation and taking advantage of others. Symptoms include disregard for others safety, arrogance, anger, and lack of remorse. Men with antisocial personality disorder far outnumber women. |
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Borderline personality disorder |
This is characterised by severe emotional instability, impulsiveness, mood swings, and poor self image, and erratic and risky behaviours, including gambling, unsafe sex, illicit drug use, and Daredevil driving. Symptoms often appear during adolescence or early adulthood. Many people with borderline personality disorderEngage in self injury, or deliberately causing harm to one's own body, such is by cutting or burning, to cope with their emotions. Many who inflict self harm suffer from other mental health conditions and have experienced abuse as children or adults. |
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Self injury |
Deliberately causing harm To one's own body, such as by cutting or burning, to cope with their emotions. Previously, self injury was thought to be more common in females, but recent research indicates that rates are generally the same for men and women, with 6.9% of college students engaged in self injury. |
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Schizophrenia |
A severe psychological disorder that affects 1% of the US population. This is characterised by alterations of the senses, including auditory and visual hallucinations, the inability to sort out incoming stimuli and make appropriate responses, an altered sense of self, and radical changes in emotions, movements, and behaviours. Typical symptoms include fluctuating courses of delusional behaviour, hallucinations, incoherent and rambling speech, inability to think logically, erratic movement, odd gesturing, and difficulty with activities of daily living. Symptoms usually appear in men during the late teen years and twenties, while women generally Present symptoms In their late twenties and early thirties. Schizophrenia is a biological disease, perhaps caused by brain damage that occurs as early as the 2nd trimester of foetal development. At present, it is treatable but not curable. With medication, support, in therapy, many skitzofenech lead normal lives. |
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Learning disabilities and neurodevelopment disorders |
These are brain based disorders that are not mental illnesses. They include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, and autism spectrum disorder. |
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |
This is a learning disability usually associated with school age children, but symptoms may persist into adulthood. People with ADHD and attention deficit disorder are distracted much of the time and find concentrating and organising things difficult. |
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Dyslexia |
A language based learning disorder, can pose problems in reading, riding, and spelling. Less known but equally challenging our discalculia, A learning disability involving mathematics, and dysgraphia, a learning disability involving writing. |
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Autism spectrum disorder |
A neurodevelopmental disorder, an impairment in brain development. People with autism spectrum disorder will continue to learn and grow intellectually throughout their lives but struggle to master communication and social behaviour skills. |
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Depression in older adults |
Depression is the most common psychological problem among older adults, though the rate of major depression is lower in older adults than in younger adults. Regardless of age, people who have a poor perception of their health had multiple chronic illnesses, take many medications, abuse alcohol in other drugs, lack social support, and do not exercise. |
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Dementia |
Memory failure, errors in judgement, disorientation, and radek behaviour can occur at any age and for various reasons. The term dementing diseases, or dementias, are used to describe either reversible symptoms or progressive forms of brain malfunctioning. |
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Alzheimers disease |
One of the most common dementias is alzheimers disease. This affects an estimated 1 in 10 Americans over the age of 65, 5.5 million. This incurable disease kills its victims gradually, 1st through slow loss of personhood, memory loss, disorientation, personality changes, and eventual loss of independent functioning, And through deterioration of the body systems. Patients with alzheimers disease live for an average of 4 to 6 years after diagnosis, although they may continue to live for up to 20 years. Although often associated with older adults, Alzheimer disease has been diagnosed in people in their forties.What this disease, areas of the brain that affect memory common speech, and personality develop tangles that impair nerve cell communication, causing cell death. It progresses in stages marked increasingly by impaired memory and judgement. In later stages, patients become depressed, combative, and aggressive. In the final stage, the person becomes dependent on others, loss of identity and speech problems are common. Eventually, control of bodily functions maybe lossed. Researchers are investigating possible causes of all timers disease, including genetic predisposition, immune malfunction, a slow acting virus, chromosomal or genetic defects, chronic inflammation, uncontrolled hypertension, and neurotransmitter imbalance. No treatment can stop all timers disease, that medications can slow or relieve some symptoms. |
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Coping with loss |
Coping with the loss of a loved one is extremely difficult. Understanding Feelings and behaviours related to death can help you comprehend the emotional processes associated with it. This is done through the process of bereavement and grief. |
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Bereavement |
Revetment is the loss or deprivation of survivor experiences when a loved one dies. This loss Leave holes and inevitable changes. Loneliness and despair may envelop survivors. Understanding of these normal reactions, time, patients, in support From love to one skin help the bereaved person heal and move on. |
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Grief |
This Occurs in reaction to significant loss, including one's own impending death, the death of a loved one, or a loss, such as a relationship or job, Grief may manifest as a physical, mental, social, or emotional reaction, and it often includes changes in eating, sleeping, working, and even thinking. Symptoms vary in severity and duration. However, the bereaved person Can benefit from emotional and social support. |
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Suicide |
This is the 2nd leading cause of death both for 15 to b19 year old and for 20 to 24 year olds. Approximately 9% of students have seriously considered suicide at some point in their life, and 1% have attempted to kill themselves in the past year. This is the same for college students as well as non college students,But non college students have a higher rate. Risk factors include family history, previous attempts, excessive drug and alcohol use, prolonged depression, financial difficulties, serious illness in oneself and a loved one, and Loss of a loved one. Lesbian kamag a, bisexual, and transgender people are significantly more likely having the highest rates to have thought about or attempted suicide, With transgender having the highest rates. Nearly 4 times as many men die by suicide as women. The most common method among men is firearms and for women poisoning. |
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Warning signs |
People who are contemplating suicide indicate their intentions, although other people do not always recognise their warnings. Common signs a person May be contemplating include recent loss and a seeming inability to let go of grief, History of depression, change in personality, change in behaviour, sexual dysfunction or diminished sexual interest, expressions of self hatred and excessive risk taking, change in sleep or eating habits or appearance, a direct statement such as I might as well ended all, and indirect statement such eze you won't have to worry about me anymore, final preparations, and pre occupation with themes of death |
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Prevention |
Monitor signals, take threats seriously, tell the person you can and want to help, ask directly, don't be little the feelings, help think about alternatives, tell your friends loved ones or counsellor. |
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Seeking professional help |
Many people resist seeking help for psychological problems. Although about 20% of adults have some kind of mental disorder, only 13% of adults use mental health counselling services. Consider seeking help if you or a friend experience A desire to need help or feel out of control, experience wild mood swings or inappropriate responses to normal stimuli, Fears or feeling of guilt distract you, have hallucinations, feeling worthless or feel that life is not worth living, your life seems to be nothing but a series of crisis, you are considering suicide, you turn to drugs or alcohol as an escape. |
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Common misperceptions |
Many think that people with mental illness are dangerous, irresponsible, or need to get over it. The stigma of mental illness often leads to shame and isolation. |
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Types of mental health professionals |
Counselling options include individual or group therapy. Psychodynamic therapy focuses on the psychological roots of emotional suffering. Interpersonal therapy focuses on social roles and relationships. And cognitive there he, focuses on the impact of thoughts and ideas on feelings and behaviour, and behavioural therapy focuses on what we do. |
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Mindfulness therapies |
Mindfulness training, such eze mindfulness based stress reduction, MBSR, Is just as effective as traditional therapy for treating anxiety and depression. Mindfulness based therapy may be less expensive and easier to implement than more traditional therapies. May also help individuals whose symptoms do not respond to medications. |
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Pharmacological treatment |
Drug therapy can be important in the treatment of many psychological disorders. However, medications are not without their side effects and contradictions. Talk to your health care provider to understand the risks and benefits of any medication prescribed, tell your doctor of any adverse effects. You may not feel affects of medication for several weeks. Finally, compliance with your doctor's recommendations for beginning or ending the course of any Medication. |
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What is psychological health |
The sum of how we think, field, relate, and exist in our day-to-day lives. |
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Psychologically healthy people |
They feel good about themselves, bill comfortable and express respect and compassion toward others, control tension and anxiety, meet the demands of life, curb hate and guilt, maintain a positive outlook, value diversity, and appreciate and respect nature. |
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
Survival needs, Food water sleep exercise sexual expression, security needs, Shelter safety protection, social needs, Belonging affection acceptance, esteem needs, Selfrespect respect for others accomplishment, and self actualization, Creativity spirituality fulfilment of potential. |
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Dimensions of psychological health |
This includes mental, emotional, in spiritual. |
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Mental health |
Use to describe the rationale or thinking dimension of our health. |
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Emotional health |
Refers to the feeling or subjective side of psychological health |
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Social health |
This includes a person's interactions with others on an individual and group basis |
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Spiritual health |
Refers to the sense of belonging to something greater than the purely physical or personal dimensions of existence. |
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Factors that influence psychological health |
This can be influenced by multiple environmental factors, including family, support systems, community, Self-efficacy and self-esteem, personality, lifespan and maturity, the mind body connection. |
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Strategies to enhance psychological health |
Develop a support system, complete required tasks to the best of your ability, form realistic expectations, make time for yourself, maintain physical health, examined problems and seek help when necessary, and get adequate sleep. |
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Spirituality |
The personal quest for understanding answers to the ultimate questions about life, meaning, and relationship with the transcendent or sacred. |
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Spiritual health |
This includes Element of spirituality such as relationships, values, and purpose in life. |
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Physical benefits of spiritual health |
Decreases anxiety, depression, anger, discomfort and feelings of isolation, decreases alcohol and drug abuse, decreases blood pressure and the risk of heart disease, increases the ability to cope with the effects of illness and medical treatments, increases feelings of hope and optimism, freedom from regret, satisfaction with life, and inner peace. |
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Why is spiritual health important? |
Because it Has shown to provide many physical, psychological, and stress reduction benefits. |
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Strategies for cultivating spiritual health and mindfulness |
Tune into yourself in your surroundings, including contemplation, mindfulness common meditation, and/or prayer. Train your body, be altruistic, expand your mind, and reach out to others. |
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Characteristics of mindfulness |
Focus thoughts and engage in non judgmental observation, tune into your life, observe, register, and be fully aware. |
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Types of meditation |
Mantra, breath, colour, and candle. |
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What happens when psychological health deteriorates? |
Stress, anxiety, loneliness, financial upheavals, and other traumatic events can derail our coping resources. |
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Mental illnesses |
Disorders that disrupt thinking, feelings common moods, and behaviours, causing varying degrees of impaired functioning in daily living. About 20% of Americans aged 18 and older suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year. Mental disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide for people aged 15 to 44. |
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Reports of psychological health |
Approximately 86% state that they felt overwhelmed by all they needed to do, approximately 50.9% felt that things were hopeless, approximately 38.2% felt so depressed that it was difficult to function, approximately 10.4% seriously Considered suicide, approximately 6.9% intentionally injured themselves, and approximately 1.9% attempted suicide. |
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Anxiety disorders |
Anxiety disorders are the number one mental health problem in the United States, affecting more than 21% of all adults aged 18 to 64. |
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Common anxiety disorders |
Generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post traumatic stress disorder. Causes can range from biology, environmental, social, and cultural roles. |
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Mood disorder |
Chronic mood disorders are disorders affecting how you feel, Such as major depression, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder. Major depression is the most common, affecting about 8% of the American population, dysthymic disorder is chronic, mild depression, Bipolar disorder is associated with severe mood swings, and seasonal affective disorder is associated with reduced exposure to sunlight. In any given year, approximately 10% of Americans aged 18 or older suffer from a mood disorder. |
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Causes of mood disorders |
Mood disorders are caused by an interaction of factors including biological differences, hormones, inherited traits, life events, and trauma. Depression may manifest differently across gender, age, and ethnicity. |
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Personality disorders |
Enduring patterns of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from expectations of the individuals culture and is pervasive and inflexible. |
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Schizophrenia |
Characterised by alterations of the senses, the inability to sort out incoming stimuli and make appropriate responses, an altered sense of self, and radical changes in emotions, movements, and behaviours. |
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Learning disabilities in neurodevelopmental disorder |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, autism spectrum disorder. |
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Psychological health among older adults. |
Depression is the most common psychological problem facing older adults. The term dementia is used to describe either reversible symptoms Or progressive forms of brain malfunctioning. Bereavement is the loss or deprivation a survivor experiences when a loved one dies. Grief occurs in reaction to significant loss. |
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Warning signs Associated with suicide |
Recent loss and inability to let go of grief, history of depression, change in personality and behaviour, sexual dysfunction, expression of self hatred or excessive risk taking, changes in sleep and eating habits or appearance, Direct or indirect statements, final preparations such as giving away possessions, and preoccupation with themes of death. |
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Preventing suicide |
Monitor signals, take threats seriously, Let the person know how much you care, ask directly, don't belittle their feelings, Help think about alternatives, tell your friends Family or counsellor. |
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Types of therapy |
In regards to counselling there are individual therapy, group therapy, dynamic therapy, interpersonal therapy, and cognitive therapy. In regards to mindfulness, there are mindfulness based stress reduction and mindfulness based cognitive therapy. |
