Head And Neck

Front 1

**Infrahyoid muscles:

Back 1

Omohyoid, Sternohyoid,
Sternothyroid and Thyrohyoid

Front 2

Omohyoid muscle

Back 2

Has an Inferior and a superior belly
Inf. Belly:
Origin: Upper border of scapula near
the scapular notch.
Sup. Belly: inserted to the lower border of the body of the Hyoid bone.
A fascial sling connects it to the clavicle.

Front 3

Omohyoid Function:

Back 3

fascia tensor and dilates internal
Jugular vein lying beneath it.
(this aids to return of blood to the heart)
Opens the mouth and helps in lateral flexion of the head.

Front 4

Omohyoid NN:

Back 4

Innervation: Most Infrahyoid muscles are innervated by cervical Ansa (C1-C3).

Front 5

Infrahyoid muscles Function:

Back 5

*Action: All infrathyroid muscles work together to approximate thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone.
When mouth is open, they stabilize
laryngeal cartilages and the hyoid bone.

Front 6

Suprahyoid muscles:

Back 6

Digastric, Stylohyoid,
Myelohyoid and Geniohyoid

Front 7

Digastric M. Function

Back 7

Function: Raising hyoid and
stabilizing it in speaking and
swallowing,depressing the mandible.

Front 8

Digastric M NN:

Back 8

**Innervation:
Ant. Belly: V/3, trigeminal N. (from nerve to myelohyoid) and post. belly: VII, facial nerve.

Front 9

Stylohyoid M.:

Back 9

Function: elevates and retracts hyoid bone, elongates floor of the mouth.
Innervation: VII, facial N. (cervical branch)

Front 10

Myelohyoid M Fuction

Back 10

Function:
Elevates hyoid and floor of the
mouth and tongue in swallowing
and speaking.

Front 11

Myelohyoid M NN:

Back 11

*Innervation:
V/3 (myelohyoid N. from inf. Alveolar N.)

Front 12

Geniohyoid M Function

Back 12

Function: pulls the hyoid anterosuperiorly, shortens floor of the mouth and widens pharynx.

Front 13

Geniohyoid M NN:

Back 13

*Innervation: C1 via hypoglossal nerve

Front 14

Paravertebrals Muscles conist of which muscles?

Back 14

Rectus Capitis Ant., Logus Capitis and Longus Colli.

Front 15

Rectus capitis: (1-3)

Back 15

Helps to flex the head. NN: Cervical Plex.(C1)

Front 16

Longus Capitis: (4-6)

Back 16

Longus Capitis: (4-6)
Bend the head forward and unilateral action turns the head sideways.

NN: Cervical Plexus(C1-4).

Front 17

Longus Colli: (7, 8, 9)

Back 17

Longus Colli: (7, 8, 9)
Action: unilateral contraction bends and turns cervical column to the side.
Also bend the cervical spine forwards.

NN: cervical and brachial Pl. (C2-C8)

Front 18

Scalene muscles consists of which muscles?

Back 18

Scalene Anterior (17):
Scalene Medius (20):
Scalene Posterior (23):
NN: Brachial plexus (C4-C8).

Front 19

Scalene Muscles:

Back 19

Most important muscles for quiet inspiration.
They lift the first 2 pairs of ribs (sup part of thorax).
Unilateral contraction tilts cervical column to one side.

Front 20

Scalenus minimus M.

Back 20

may be present in 30%.

Front 21

Scalene opening:

Back 21

Scalene opening:
brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass through

Front 22

Occipital (Omotrapezoid) triangle:

Back 22

Floor: Splenius Capitis (17),
Lavator Scapulae (16), Post. Scalene (15) and Middle Scalene (14).
*Content: Cervical Plexus.

Accessory Nerve A comes from behind the Sternocleidomastoid M.

It divides the supraclavicular region to a Care free and careful zone.
12- superficial cervical Artery
13- Anterior Scalene M.

Front 23

***Scalene gap:

Back 23

***Scalene gap:
Formed between scalene Anterior and Middle and 1st rib, in which run the Brachial plexus (18) and Subclavian Artery (19).

Front 24

Thyroid Gland:

Back 24

Body's largest endocrine gland
Is deep to sternothyroid and sternohyoid M

Front 25

Thyroid Gland:

Back 25

At C5-T1 level. It has a capsule
and externally covered by a sheath.
Consists of an isthmus (1), which
unites the lobes.
A right lobe (2) and a left lobe (3).
Pyramidal lobe: A remnant of thyroglossal duct may persist in the middle part of thyroid (50%).

Ectopic Thyroid

Front 26

Thyroid Gland Function:

Back 26

****Function:
Produces Thyroxin which controls
the rate of metabolism of the body,
and Calcitonin controlling Ca++
metabolism.

Front 27

Thyroid Gland Blood Supply

Back 27

Blood supply:
Superior (8) and inferior (9) thyroidal artery

Front 28

Goiter:

Back 28

Enlargement of Thyroid gland (nonneoplastic and noninflammatory). Usually not upward shift. Endemic in areas deficient in Iodine in food. Swelling in the neck which may disturb trachea, esophagus and/or laryngeal nerves.
Exophthalmic goiter is due to excessive production
of thyroxin.

Front 29

Thyroidectomy:

Back 29

Thyroidectomy:
Removal of thyroid due to cancer.
Subtotal due to preservation of Parathyroid glands and recurrent as well as superior laryngeal nerves.
Inadvertent removal of parathyroid glands lead to tetany, severe convulsion and muscle spasm due to decrease in serum Ca++ and may lead to immediate
respiratory failure.

Front 30

cricothyrotomy

Back 30

an emergency incision into the larynx, performed to open the airway in a person who is choking. A small vertical midline cut is made just below the thyroid cartilage and above the cricoid cartilage. The incision is opened farther with a transverse cut through the cricothyroid membrane, and the wound is spread open with a knife handle or other dilator. The new opening must be held open with a tracheostomy tube that is open at both ends to allow air to move in and out. The cartridge end of a ballpoint pen will suffice in an emergency until a tracheostomy can be done.

Front 31

Parathyroid glands:

Back 31

Parathyroid glands:
Usually 4, one upper and one lower gland per each thyroid lobe.
They are external to thyroid capsule and internal to the connective tissue sheath.
Function: Produce parahormon, controlling the metabolism of P and Ca++.