Family Science Exam 2

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genogram

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tool used to help identify intergenerational characteristics of families; chart that diagrams both biological and interpersonal relations across several generations

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1. The chart or diagram

2. Family chronology

3. Describing relationships

4. Describing family processes

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4 Parts of a Genogram

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square, circle

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In a genogram, males are represented by a ____ and females are represented by a ____.

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double lines

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In a genogram, ____ are used around the index person.

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death

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On a genogram, an X through someone symbolizes ____.

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a solid line connecting two people; a double slash through the line; a dashed line

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On a genogram, marriage is symbolized by ____, divorce by ____, and living together by ____.

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oldest

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In a genogram, children are positioned by age from left to right, with the ____ on the left.

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family chronology

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a chronological listing of major events (both negative and positive) experienced in a family

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family processes

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description of circumstances or processes that can help us understand how generational relationships influence a family

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interpretation of genograms

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helps us to better understand why we have certain feelings why we believe some things, why we have certain attitudes, and why we relate to people the way we do

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family structure

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siblings, birth order, and distance in age between siblings

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life cycle pattern

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the events the family experienced, may be normative or non-normative; influenced by life transitions

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1. Patterns of functioning (adaptive?)

2. Patterns of relations

3. Repeated structural patterns

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Patterns Repeated Across Generations

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Reuben Hill's Theory of Family Stress

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formulated after the Great Depression, based on extensive observations of families who survived and contrasted with those whose families did not, came up the ABCX model

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stress

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Life involves constant change to which brings ____.

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eustress

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stress that is deemed healthful or giving the feeling of fulfillment

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distress

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stress related to grief, pain, anxiety, or sorrow

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family stress

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upset in the steady state of the family

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coping

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_____ing successfully is a significant factor in a healthy family

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"A" factor

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ABCX Model: the factor most commonly defined as the stressor event (Ex: divorce, death, fired from job)

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normative stress events

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events that are expected and predictable (Ex: transition to parenthood, marriage)

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non-normative stress events

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events that are unexpected (Ex: sudden death)

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acute stress

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short-term stress

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chronic stress

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on-going stress

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ordinary stressors

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everyday events, responsible for 75%-98% of stress we experience

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volitional stressor

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chosen stressor

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non-volitional

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not chosen stressor

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internal stressor

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stress inside the family (Ex: alcohol problems, divorce)

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external stressors

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stress outside the family (Ex: tornadoes, disability)

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expected, brief, chosen, external

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Stressors are less difficult to cope with when they are _____, _____, _____, and _____.

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"B" Factor

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ABCX Model: represents the family's individual and collective coping resources that can be drawn on in response to a stressor event

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1. Social - ties with family and friends

2. Economic - money

3. Mental - intelligence and creativity

4. Physical - good health, proper diet, exercise

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Assets that families can draw on in response to a stressor event:

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individual resources

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intelligence, health, and individual psychological factors

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family resources

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economic resources, family integration, family adaptability

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community resources

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outside support systems

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family integration

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how close or unified a family feels

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family adaptability

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how flexible families are in talking about problems, modifying patterns, rules, and roles

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1. how the resources are used

2. the situation in which they are utilized

3. the length of time for which they are employed

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3 influences on whether resources are effective

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"C" factor

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ABCX Model: the family's perception of the situation, the availability of resources, and what needs to be done to cope

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1. denial vs. dwelling on things

2. active vs. reactive

3. blame others rather than oneself

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Coping Styles

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"X" Factor

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ABCX Model: refers to the interplay among B and C factors, results in varying degree of stress felt by a family; level of disruption

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stress range

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stress levels can be low to high

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low stress

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the family is coping or adapting to the stressor event

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A. Stressor Level - remove or manage the source of stress by changing something

B. Avoid stress

C. Accept stress

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Ways to Cope with Stress

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crisis

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a family becomes immobilized and can no longer perform its functions

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Ludwig Von Bertalanffy

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Austrian biologist believed he could explain all types of universal principles to grouping called systems

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self reflexive

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the ability to make themselves and their behavior the object of examination

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homeostasis

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wants to be balanced and on target

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World War II improvement in accuracy of aiming at moving targets

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Example of Family Systems Theory

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family

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a system composed of individual family members

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Can't

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(Can/can't) understand the individual family member without looking at the family

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system

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a bounded set of interrelated elements (people) exhibiting coherent behavior as a unit

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hierarchy

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the arrangement of the systems that exist within the systems

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subsystem

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system consisting of smaller systems; relationships among members of the systems (Ex: marital, parent-child, sibling)

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suprasystem

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system embedded in a larger system (Ex: community, schools, nation, environment)

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boundary

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who is included in the family; not always visible, but feels real to the family

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external boundaries

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separates who is in the family from who is not; separates family from the environment

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internal boundaries

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found within the family; separates the subsystems that make it up

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closed boundaries

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rigid, not open to change; don't interact a lot with others; aren't open to information and feedback from outside

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open boundaries

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open to change; able to take in information from outside the family; at least some interaction with the environment

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open internal boundaries

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(extreme on the continuum) enmeshed families, everyone is always in everyone's business, little privacy

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continuum

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Boundaries are not absolute but on a _____.

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pattern

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repeated and regulates family members' behavior; can help predict what might happen in the future

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homeostatic tendency

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the want to maintain a family's behavior within certain limits with no wild fluctuations

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positive feedback

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encourages change in the pattern

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negative feedback

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discourages change in the pattern

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feedback

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information used to maintain patterns (thermostat - family changes until it meets a desired pattern)

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cicularity

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there are no simple cause and effect relationships within families; results in less blaming because our behavior is caused by as much by our own responses as by the other person's behavior

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rules

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there to help families work, great variability due to backgrounds and values (can be attitudes, behaviors, communicational patterns)

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explicit rules

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spoken or known (Ex: curfew)

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implicit rules

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unspoken, often don't know about these rules until we break them (Ex: don't talk about certain things)

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structure

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refers to the rule-governed patterns of interaction that are found in the system; tells how family members relate to one

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morphostasis

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maintain the existing systemic structure

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morphogenesis

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changing the systemic structure; family creates a new way of operating (metaphor of a mobile)

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roles

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the behaviors and expectations associated with our place in the family, depends on the existence of another

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systems theory

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generally points to the role of the family in problem behavior of individual family members

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change

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The major characteristic of a healthy family is the family's ability to _____.

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self-monitoring

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the ability to make themselves and their behavior the object of examination and the target of explanation

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1. too general and broad

2. some argue it is more of a philosophical approach than a theory

3. equal wight put on every member of the family when disfunction occurs

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Criticisms of Family Systems

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human ecology

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draws from a diverse group of influences (genetics, evolutionary theory, ecology, home economics)

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Urie Brofenbrenner

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believed that development proceeded through the interaction between the individual and his/her environment; behavior is a function of the person and the environment

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1. Microsystem

2. Mesosystem

3. Exosystem

4. Macrosystem

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Four Levels of Environment Systems

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microsystem

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most immediate setting, the actual setting that a child lives and interacts in

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mesosystem

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interacts among elements in the microsystem (Ex: relations between school and family or peer group and family)

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exosystem

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settings that influence the development of the individual but in which the individual is not involved

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macrosystem

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attitudes and ideologies of the culture in general, the shared assumptions within the culture about how things should be done and how the world is organized

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assumptions

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individuals and groups are both biological and social in nature

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biological

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The only environment that we can survive in are those that can meet our _____ needs.

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social interaction

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We need _____ to be who we are.

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human bahavior and interactions

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spatially organized on a variety of levels (families->neighborhoods->communities->towns)

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ecosystems

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a family in interaction with it's environment

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environment

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the total surroundings of an organism/system (family) including physical, biological, social, etc.

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niches

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patterns or a relatively stable set of activities which define a unique place in the ecosystem for a given unit, provides a function for the unit

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needs

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requirements a family has which must be met if they are going to survive and thrive; might include love, respect, and acceptance as well as physical aspects (food, water, air)

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values

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human conception of what is good, right, and worthwhile; held on all levels (individual, family, society)

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1. survival

2. human betterment

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values in human ecosystems

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goals

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something an organism is seeking to achieve, motivating factors for decision-making

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goal-setting

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must access available resources to reach goals

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quality of life

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extent to which basic human needs are met and values are realized; related to satisfaction and adequacy of physical surroundings