Family Science Exam 1

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Family of Orientation

Back 1

the family you were born into

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Family of Procreation

Back 2

the nuclear family formed by marriage; consists of self, spouse and children

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family

Back 3

a complex structure consisting of an interdependent group of individuals who have a shared history, experience some degree of emotional bonding

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White House Conference of Families

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organized by Jimmy Carter the in the late 70s, one of the goals was to determine what constitutes a family, the conservatives and liberals couldn’t come to an agreement between the word families and family, ending the conference

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theory

Back 5

makes sense out of the facts, an explanation of how the facts fit together

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theory as a lens

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the theory filters out certain facts and gives a particular pattern to those it lets in (micro or macro)

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1. Describes - What are we studying?
2. Explains - Why does it occur?
3. Predicts - What might happen in the future?

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What do theories do?

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assumptions

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statements taken for granted as true, theory rests on assumption, often implicit

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concepts/constructs

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terms or words that stand for some aspect of reality, organized into sets that go together, combined to give us a specific way of looking at families

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conceptual framework

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a group of related concepts

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Burgess

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family is a unit of interacting personalities, the family exists as a result of the interaction of family members, not what they did, but how they did it; first to say “study the family itself, not just the individual members”

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Bateson

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came up with the term double bind hypothesis

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double bind hypothesis

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when two contradicting messages are commands, an individual is told to do one thing, but cannot do one without disobeying the other (damned if you do, damned if you don’t), affects those with mental illnesses because they don't know how to cope

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variables

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concepts which vary

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categorical variable

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varies directly

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continuous variable

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varies along a continuum or spectrum

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hypothesis/theoretical statements

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used to connect concepts; while concepts point to things, theoretical statements link concepts together and tell us how they’re related

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1. Identify the problem
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Conduct an experiment
4. Analyze data from experiments
5. Make conclusion
6. Accept or reject hypothesis based on experiment

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Making Theoretical Statements

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Referred to as the triple threat:

1. Theory - should inform research designs and create questions

2. Research - should contribute to further development of theory

3. Practice - should be informed by research and should contribute to further research questions and theoretical notions

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Olson

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The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)

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a federal law defining the word marriage to mean “only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife”; defined spouse as “person of the opposite sex who is a husband or wife”; authorized states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages licensed in other states

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1. Binational couples are able to sponsor partners for U.S. residency
2. Legally married same-se couples may file for taxes jointly
3. Same-sex widows and widowers may receive Social Security survivor benefits
4. Service members can receive equal support and benefits for their same-sex spouses
5. Federal employees same sex spouses may receive health insurance and retirement benefits

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Changes After Doma

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Functions Served by Society

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goods and services produced and distributed (Ex: health care, education, religion, entertainment)

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Talcott Parsons

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contributed the most to structural functionalism

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Structural Functionalism

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a way of looking at society and social relationships as a system made up of parts; parts are related to one another and the system as a whole

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1. Ensure that goods and services are produced and distributed

2. Provide ways of dealing with conflicts and maintaining order

3. Provide ways to ensure that individuals are trained into the existing culture

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Main Ideas of Structural Functionalism

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1. The control and regulation of reproduction
2. Socialization process by which individuals learn values, attitudes, and behavior that society sees as important

(The family is the primary source of emotional and practical training for its members.)

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Functions of Family

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nuclear family

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typical family with a male and female parent and children, also called a “bench-mark family” (Cleavers), SF refers to it as the best structure to take care of its members of society

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blended family

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another name for step-family, at least one spouse ha been previously married and has a child from that marriage

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homeostasis

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state of equilibrium or stability, social systems tend towards this

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structure

Back 30

the arrangement of roles that a social system is made up of usually hierarchal

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function

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the consequence that a part of the system has for the system as a whole, or for all the other parts of the system; comes from biological science (if one part of a system doesn’t work, nothing will)

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social system

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a system of differentiated (specialized) roles that are organized around shared values and norms

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society

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a social system which survives its original members and replaces them through biological reproduction

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symbolic interaction

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looks at subjective, interpersonal meaning and everyday interpretation of behavior, focuses on the connection between symbols and interactions; founded by George Herbert Meade in 1934

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1. Humans live in a symbolic environment as well as a physical one; acquiring a complex set of symbols in their mind.
2. Meaning rises through the process of interaction between people.
3. Humans act towards thing on the basis of the meaning the things have.
4. Symbolic Interactionism is more concerned with interactions within the family than with in interactions between family and systems.

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Central Ideas of Symbolic Interaction

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reality

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socially defined, created and sustained through conversations with significant others; perceived by every society in a different way; different realities in different social situations; assume we share with others

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ojectification

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expressing something abstract in concrete form; used to create a real reality for ourselves

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behavior

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must examine how meaning functions in the context of the social interaction, can not understand interaction through external observation

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definition of self

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the way I describe myself in a relationship with others, we are constantly presenting a self to others and to ourselves.

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self-presentation

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can be seen as a performance, trying on other self, coming to new self does not come easily

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looking-glass self

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an individuals perception of how others see him/her, other people are our mirrors

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definition of other

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expectations of others help define roles

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after-casting

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the defining of other people; starts with how we approach others, do it in a way to get what we want from someone

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labels

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we often define people by labels, we may lock people into labels or push them into one

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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prediction or expectation that you have for other people and pushing them to fulfill that prophecy

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definition of the situation

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how we perceive the situation will determine how we will respond; symbols and shared history help define the situation; relationship disputes may often be over the definition of the situation

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role-taking

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the ability to mentally put yourself in the role of another and imagine how things would look from the other person’s view

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role-making

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how roles are formed in the process of interaction, creating your own role and modifying

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Rosenthal & Jacobsen

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kids did better on a test when they were told that they were smart (labels)

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symbol

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a stimulus that has a learned meaning and value for people; responded to based on meaning and vale rather than physical properties; words, gestures, pictures, anything that standards for something

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stay the same (Ex: mother, father)

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Positions (change/stay the same)

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change (Ex: homemaker, breadwinner)

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Roles (change/stay the same)

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Erik Erikson

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believed that the life-span can be divided into stages

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longitudinal career

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a family life-cycle, critical transitional phases that the family passes through as a system

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1. Trust vs. Mistrust - (birth-18 months) establishing a sense of trust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - (18 months-3 years) central question: who am I?,
3. Initiative vs. Guilt - (ages 3-6) are losing rigid association with parents, main question: what can i do?

4. Industry vs. Inferiority - (ages 7-11) super ego development really gets underway, (no praise, frequent disapproval, and rigidity causes problems)

5. Identity vs. Identity Diffusion or Confusion - (ages 12-18) adolescence, question: who am I? what career will I choose?

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation - (20s) question: what can I do occupationally and with regard to intimate relationships with peers?

7. Generatively vs. Self-Absorption or Stagnation - (late 20s-50s) bearing and raising

children, productive at work and in life, creative and producing

8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair - (50s+) dealing with death and accepting and feeling good about what you have accomplished

Back 55

Family Development Stages

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1. Physical maintenance - food, clothing, shelter
2. Socialization for roles inside and outside the family - preparing for a job, anticipatory

socialization

3. Maintenance of family morale and motivation to perform roles inside and outside the family - emotional support is important

4. The maintenance of social control - all families have rules-rewards for compliance and penalties for violations

5. Reproduction - the acquisition of family members (by birth or adoption) to be launched from the family when mature

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Developmental Tasks

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anticipatory socialization

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gradually learning norms and roles a person needs to function in society

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expanding stage

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period of time when members are being added to the family

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contracting stage

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period of time when members are leaving family though departure of children to death of original spouse

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1. Married couples without children - tasks include establishing a successful marriage and establishing relationships with in-laws
2. Childbearing families - (child is 30 months or less) tasks include having and adjusting to children
3. Families with preschoolers - (child is 2.5-6 years) tasks include adapting to the needs and interests of preschoolers
4. Families with teens - (child is 13-20 years) tasks include balancing freedom and responsibilities for teen, establishing interests and careers that will careers that will carry the parents into post-parental years
5. Families launching young adults - (from time oldest leaves home to time youngest leaves home) tasks include releasing young adults into work, college, and marriage and maintaining a supportive home base for them
6. Middle-aged parents - (empty nest to retirement) tasks include rebuilding the marital relationship, maintaing kin ties with older and younger generations
7. Aging family members - (retirement to death of both spouses) tasks include adjusting to retirement, coping with being alone, grieving loss of spouse, closing the family home or adapting it to its needs

Back 60

Approaches to Family

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1. natural - happen in response to a child’s behavior without parent involvement

2. logical - options you suggest to your child

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Love & Logic; 2 Consequences

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all focus is on once-married couples with fairly traditional roles and children; this type of model doesn’t fit all families (has been adapted to other groups, such as divorced families)

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Criticism and Improvement of Developmental Theories

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1. Closed family - emphasizes continuity and steadiness, conventional way of doing things; boundaries are well defined, decision making process tends to be authoritarian
2. Open family - emphasizes dialogue and communication; patience, willingness to change, and adaptation and innovation are key
3. Random family - emphasis on discontinuity; individuality, freedom, and flexible with regard to tradition
4. Synchronous family - emphasis on harmony and tranquility; believes that life is with little conflict and and conflict will be resolved easily

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4 Types of Family Paradigms

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1. Closed - the difficult the problems the stronger attempt to control the issue, tends to become more isolated, more rigid as more disabled
2. Random - more independence and creativity, the family becomes more chaotic, tends towards greater separateness and chaos as more disabled
3. Open - try to hammer consensus, gather more & more information, try harder to communicate, overwhelmed by “hashing through”, go in circles
4. Synchronous - rigid and stereotyped in behavior, becomes less connected, denies

differences and problems

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Exaggeration Priciple