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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 types of container damage and risk associated with damage
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undamaged, no product release
damaged, no product release damaged product release undamaged, product release |
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What is a crack
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a narrow split or break in container that penetrates through the metal of the container
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what is a score
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reduction in container shell thickness by a blunt object
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what is a gouge
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reduction in container thickness by a sharp, chisel-like object
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What is a dent
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deformation of the tank head or shell made by a blunt object
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what are the 3 resources that indicate the effects of mixing various hazmats
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NFPA 491 (hazardous chemical reactions)
Bretherick (handbook of Reactive Chemicals) Irving Sax (Industrial Chemicals) |
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Controls an incident in its initial stages
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Fire Protection Systems
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Permits early notifications of potential problems and allows responders to initiate control activities
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Monitoring and Detection Systems
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what does product spillage and control (impoundment and diking) do
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minimizes exposure to adjoining tanks
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what does tank spacing do
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minimizes the hazard to uninvolved tanks through spacing
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what does the pressure relief and vacuum relief protection do
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Prevents the tank from a violent failure
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what does transfer operations do
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Removing product from a damaged tank to an undamaged tank and minimizes the danger to surrounding containers
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Goal of a Technician I
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Analyze the Incident, Plan the Response, Implement the response, Evaluate the response, and Terminate the Response
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Concentration
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percentage of an acid or a base dissolved in water
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Strength
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degree to which a corrosive ionizes in water
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Oxidation Potential
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1. either give up its oxygen molecule to stimulate the oxidation or organic materials 2. receives electrons being transferred from the substance undergoing oxidation
EX. rusting steel or burning wood |
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Matter
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anything that has mass and occupies space
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Elements
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Pure substance atoms that cannot be broken down into 2 or more pure substance. 112 known elements with 92 occurring naturally
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Compounds
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contains more than one element. EX- H2O or water
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Mixture
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Substance made up of 2 or more compounds, physically mixed together. EX sugar water
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Homogeneous
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combination of 2 or more substances that are not chemically united and do not exist in fixed proportions to each other
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Heterogeneous
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Mixtures with non-uniform composition. mixture consists of many different items, often not easily sorted or seperated
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Physical State
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physical state or form of the material at normal ambient temperatures
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Solids
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cause limited harm, route of exposure is physical contact or ingestion
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Liquids
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not easily controlled, ability to evaporate creating an inhalation hazard
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Gases
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presents the greatest risk, may be colorless, odorless, toxic, corrosive, and/or flammable
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Compressed Gas
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material or mixture having an absolute pressure exceeding 40 psi in the container
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Liquefied Gas
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Gas that under the charging pressure is partially liquid at 70*F
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Cryogenic Gas
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Gas that is cooled to very low temperature, usually below -130*F, to change to a liquid
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Vaporization
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Changes a liquid to a gaseous state
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Condensation
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Changes gaseous to the liquid state
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Sublimation
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ability of a substance to change from the solid to the vapor phase without passing through the liquid phase
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Melting point and Freezing point
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temp at which a solid changes its phase to a liquid, temp is also the freezing point depending on the direction of the liquid
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Organic
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material that contains carbon
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Inorganic
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compounds derived from other than vegetables or animal sources which lack carbon chains
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Ionic Compound
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Bond between a metal and non-metal
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Covalent compound
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the force holding together atoms that share electrons. materials made through the sharing of electrons
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Boiling point
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temp at which a liquid changes its phase to a vapor or gas
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Expansion ratio
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amount of gas produced by the evaporation of one volume of liquid at a given temperature
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Flammable Range
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Range of gas or vapor concentration that will burn or explode if an ignition source is present
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what are the US EPA guidelines for areas with flammable vapors
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<10% LEL- continue working with caution- Too lean
10% to 25% LEL- continue working with continuous monitoring >25% LEL- Withdraw (evacuate)- Too Rich |
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Fire Point
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Minimum temp at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors that will ignite and sustain combustion
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Flash Point
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Minimum temp at which a liquid gives of enough vapors that will ignite and flash-over but will not continue to burn without the addition or more heat
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Ignition Temperature
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The minimum temperature to which a material must be raised before it will ignite
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Miscibility
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Refers to the tendency or ability of two or more liquids to form a uniform blend or dissolve into each other (koolaid)
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Non-Persistent
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remain in the target area for a short period of time
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Persistent
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Remain in the target area for a long period of time (Radiation)
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Solubility
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ability of solids, liquids, gas, or vapors to dissolve in water or other specified medium
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Water Solubility
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Ability of a substance to form a solution with water
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Solution
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Mixture in which all of the ingredients are completely dissolved
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Slurry
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Pourable mixture of a solid and a liquid
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Viscosity
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Measure of the thickness of a liquid and its ability to flow (engine oil)
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Specific gravity
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The weight of a material as compared with the weight of an equal volume of water
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Vapor density
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Weight of a vapor compared to air
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Vapor pressure
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The pressure exerted by the vapor within the container against the side of the container
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Volatility
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Ease with which a liquid or solid can pass into a vapor state
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Toxic products of combustion
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Toxic byproducts of the combustion process (smoke,CO2)
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Air reactivity
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Substance that ignites when exposed to air at normal temperatures (Pyrophoric)
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Water Reactivity
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Material that reacts with water and releases a flammable gas or presents a health hazard
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Chemical Reactivity
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Process involving the bonding, unbonding, and re bonding to atoms that can chemically change substances into other substances
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Polymerization
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Chemical reaction in which small molecules combine to form larger molecules (Shaving Cream, Silly string)
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Inhibitor
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Added to products to control their chemical reaction with other products
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Auto-refrigeration
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rapid release of a liquefied gas that causes it to temporarily remain in a liquid state through rapid cooling
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Instability
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ability of a material to undergo a chemical reaction with the release of energy
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Catalyst
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Used to control the rate of a chemical reaction by speeding up or slowing down
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Chemical Interactions
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chemical interaction of materials in a container can result in a buildup of heat that, in turns, causes an increase in pressure
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Compound, Mixture
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chemical combination of 2 or more elements, either the same elements or different ones, that is electrically neutral. ( can be explosive)
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Critical Pressure
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pressure that must be applied to bring a gas to its liquid state
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Critical Temperature
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minimum temp at which a gas can be liquefied no matter how much pressure is applied
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Maximum safe storage Temperature (MSST)
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The temperature that an organic peroxides may be stores safely
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Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT)
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Temp at which an organic peroxide or synthetic compound will react to heat, light, or other chemicals, and release oxygen, energy and fuel in the form of an explosion or rapid oxidation
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons
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They are often more toxic than naturally occurring organic chemicals. Decompose into smaller more harmful elements at high temps long periods of time
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Saturated Hydrocarbons
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Materials in which the carbon atoms are linked by only single covalent bonds
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
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Materials that have at least one multiple bond between two carbon atoms
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Aromatic Hydrocarbon
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Materials that contain the benzene ring, which is formed by 6 carbon atoms and contains double double bonds
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Lethal Concentration (LC50)
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The amount of a material in the air that, that caused the death of 50 percent of test animals by inhalation
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Lethal Dose (LD50)
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causes the death of 50 percent of a group of test animals exposed to it by oral or dermal exposure
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Permissible exposure limit (PEL)
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An OSHA term for the maximum concentration averaged over 8 hours per day of 95 percent healthy adults for 40 hours per week
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Threshold limit value ceiling (TLV-C)
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max concentration that should not be exceeded, even instantaneously. lower value, more toxic the substance
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Threshold Limit Value Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL)
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maximum average concentration, averaged over a 15-minute period to which a healthy adult can safely be exposed (15 minutes 1 hour/in between)
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Threshold limit value time-weighted average (TLV-TWA)
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American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) term for maximum concentration, averaged of 8 hours/day 40 hours/week, without suffering adverse effects
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Biological Agents
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Affects human health in a variety of ways, ranging from mild to serious conditions, allergic reactions to death
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Blood agents
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chemical compound that prevent the body from utilizing oxygen
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Nerve Agents
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class of phosphorus-containing organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanism by which nerves transfer messages to organs
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Vesicants( Blister agents)
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causes irritation to the skin
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Irritants
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chemicals that cause temporary but sometimes severe inflammation to the eyes, skin, or respiratory
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Radioactivity
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process of an unstable atom-emitting radiation
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Dose
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amount of radiation energy deposited in the body
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Dose rate
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rate at which radiation energy is deposited in the body
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Dose response
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biological reaction caused by the dose in the body
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Time, Distance, Shielding
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methods of protecting oneself from harmful exposures to radiation
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Counts per Minute (CPM)
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Measurements of radioactivity
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Kilocounts per minute (kcpm)
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Measurements of radioactivity
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Radiation absorbed dose (RAD)
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measure the amount of radiation energy absorbed by a material
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Roentgen
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Used to measure the amount of radiation produced EX. gamma rays
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Millirem (mrem)
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Radiation Measurement
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Microrem (UREM)
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radiation measurement
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Alpha particles
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Positively charged radiation particle emitted by some radioactive materials and is not considered dangerous unless ingested
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Beta Particles
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Type of radiation that can damage skin tissue, and they can damage internal organs if they enter the body
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Gamma Particles
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Type of radiation particle that may cause skin burns and can severely injure internal organs, Can penetrate nearly any material
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Inverse square law
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the effect from a localized source spreads uniformly throughout the surrounding space.
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What are the three levels of Radioactive material found on DOT placards
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Radioactive I - Low
Radioactive II - Medium Radioactive III - High |
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The box at the bottom of a radiological placard is where you find the Transportation Index. What is it?
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Transport Index ranges from 1-10 based on maximum radiation in mrem/hhour at 1 meter from package measures degree of safety and hazard
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what are the Max Radiation Levels?
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Radioactive White I-extremely low or almost no levels of radiation/ no TI on label
Radioactive Yellow II- low radiation levels, TI=1 Radioactive Yellow III- higher radiation levels, TI= up to 10 |
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What is a rapid vaporization
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when cryogenic liquid is exposed to temperatures greater than the temperature of its storage tank
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Expansion Ratios for Cryogenics
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560 to 1445 to 1
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Local health Effect
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effect at the point of contact EX corrosive burn
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Systemic health effect
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when a chemical enters the bloodstream and attacks target organs and internal areas of the body
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How do you determine pressure in bulk packaging or facility containers?
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Fixed Pressure gauges- permanently attached to some non-bulk and bulk pressurized containers EX MC-331
Attach a pressure gauge- attach to sample lines, fittings Determine the temp. of product |
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How do you determine the amount of lading remaining in damaged bulk packaging or facility containers?
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Shipping papers, container specification markings, fixed gauging devices, visible frost lines, weigh small non-bulk cylinders
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What is a Crack?
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narrow split or break in the container metal that mat penetrate through the container
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What is a score?
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reduction in the thickness of the container shell, made by a blunt object.
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What is a gouge?
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indentation in the shell made by a sharp, chisel like object
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What is a Dent?
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deformation of the tank head or shell, caused from the impact with a blunt object
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3 resources available that indicate the effects of mixing various hazardous materials?
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Guide to hazardous chemical reactions, Handbook of reactive substances, Dangerous properties of industrial chemicals
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Identify resources for dispersion pattern prediction and modeling
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Weather service, computer models, industrial facilities, Colleges and universities, county, state, or federal agencies. Health department, EPA, and US coast guard
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What are the 7 classifications when identifying unknown hazards? (Rachel Came Over And Pulled Her Coat Off)
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Radioactivity
Combustibility/ flammability Oxygen Availability pH Hydrogen Sulfide Carbon Monoxide Organic/toxic vapors |
