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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of Life |
Reproduction Order Growth and development Evolutionary adaptation Response to the environment Energy processing Homeostasis |
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Homeostasis |
maintaining internal stability |
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Levels of biological organization |
Atoms < Molecules < Organelles < Cells < Tissues < Organs < Organ Systems |
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Population |
The individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specific area Atoms < Molecules < Organelles < Cells < Tissues < Organs < Organ Systems < ________ < Communities < Ecosystem < Biosphere |
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Prokaryotic Cells |
- Cells that do not have any membrane-enclosed organelles or a nucleus - small in size - bacteria and archaea |
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Eukaryotic Cells |
Cells that have membrane-enclosed organelles and a nucleus |
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Energy flow and chemical cycling pattern |
Light energy enters into an ecosystem from the sun and leaves the ecosystem as heat |
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Producers vs. Consumers |
Plants are producers because they can convert sun into sugars. Humans are consumers |
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Feedback regulation |
Feedback mechanisms allow biological processes to self-regulate |
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Negative feedback regulation |
As more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced - A loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus (insulin signaling the uptake of of glucose by cells) |
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Positive feedback regulation |
As more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced
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Domains |
Bacteria- prokaryotes Archaea- prokaryotes Eukarya- eukaryotes - Kingdom Plantae - Kingdom Fungi - Kingdom Animalia - Protists |
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5 steps of scientific observation |
Make an observation Ask a question Form a hypothesis Test your hypothesis Conclusion |
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Hypothesis |
A tentative answer to a well- framed question - leads to predictions that can be tested by observation or experimentation - Must be testable and falsifiable |
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Qualitative data |
Descriptive recordings, not numerical |
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Quantitative data |
Numerical measurements, not descriptive |
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Scientific theory |
- Broader in scope than a hypothesis - General, and can lead to new testable hypotheses - Supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypothesis |
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Matter |
Anything that takes up space and has mass |
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Atoms |
The smallest unit of matter that still maintains properties of an element |
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Mass |
The amount of matter in an object |
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Atomic number |
The number of protons which is unique to that element. Written as a subscript to the left of the symbol for the element. |
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Atomic mass |
The approximation of the total mass of an atom |
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Significance of the # of protons in an atom |
The number of protons defines each element |
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How do you calculate the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom? |
Shell 1 can hold 2 electrons Shell 2 can hold 8 electrons After Shell 2, the shells can each hold 8 electrons |
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How do you know the number of bonds an atom is capable of making? How do you make an atom stable? |
1. Find the number of valence electrons. Subtract that from the maximum number of electrons in the outermost shell 2. Fill the outermost shell to capacity |
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Isotope |
Atoms that have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore have greater mass.
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Chemical bonding |
Atoms with incomplete valence shells can share or transfer valence electrons with certain other atoms. These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together, held by attractions called ___________. |
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Covalent bonds |
- The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms - The shared electrons count as part of each atom’s valence shell |
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Ionic bonds |
- Atoms sometimes strip electrons from their bonding partners - After the transfer of an electron, both atoms have charges - The two resulting oppositely charged atoms (or molecules) are attracted to one another |
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Cation |
A positively charged ion |
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Anion |
A negatively charged ion |
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Polar covalent bonds |
When an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not shared equally. |
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Nonpolar covalent bonds |
The electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity. |
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Hydrogen bonds |
When a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom, the hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge that allows it to be attracted to a different electronegative atom nearby. This attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom is called a ________. |
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van der Waals interactions |
If electrons are distributed asymmetrically in molecules or atoms, they can result in “hot spots” of positive or negative charge. _____________ are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges |
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Why is water polar? |
When Hydrogen bonds to Oxygen in a water molecule, the two Hydrogen atoms are slightly more positive and the Oxygen atom is slightly more negative because it is using 2 of Hydrogen's electrons to fill its outer shell. Since electrons are electronegative, Oxygen becomes slightly electronegative and therefore, some parts of the water molecule are more positive and others are more negative |
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Cohesion |
When hydrogen bonds hold a substance together |
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Adhesion |
The clinging of one substance to another |
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Surface tension |
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
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Temperature |
A measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter, regardless of volume |
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Specific heat of a substance |
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius
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Heat of vaporization |
The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of heat to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state. |
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What is a side effect of hydrogen bonds forming? |
Heat is released. |
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Why does ice float? |
Ice is less dense than water. Ice has fewer molecules than an equal volume of liquid water. Hydrogen bonds at 0 degree C keep the molecules at "arm's length" |
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What are the benefits of ice floating? |
- Bodies of water on Earth do not freeze solid. - Floating ice insulates bodies of water, preventing it from freezing and allowing life to exist underneath the surface. |
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Solvent |
The dissolving agent in a solution |
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Solute |
The substance that is dissolved in a solution |
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Solution |
A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. |
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Hydration sphere/hydration shell |
The sphere of water molecules around dissolved ions in an aqueous solution
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Why is water the best solvent? |
Water can dissolve - any charged molecule - non-ionic bonds - proteins Cannot dissolve nonpolar substances |
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Hydrophillic |
A substance that has an affinity for water |
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Hydrophobic |
A substance that does not have an affinity for water |
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Solute concentration for molar solution |
1 mole / 1 Liter = 1 molar solution |
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Calculate x molar solution |
x moles = molecular weight in grams * x |
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Acid |
Any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution |
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Bas |
Any substance that decreases the H+ concentration of a solution |
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pH |
The smaller the pH, the greater H+ concentration, and the more acidic 0 most acidic 7 neutral (pure water) 14 most basic |
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Buffer |
A substance that minimizes changes in concentrations ofH+ and OH- in a solution. |
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Which elements make up the largest amount of biological compounds? |
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen |
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Trace elements |
A chemical element needed in very small amounts (<0.1 %) - iron - iodine - fluoride, copper, zinc, chromium, selenium, manganese |
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Carbon bonds |
Can form 4 covalent bonds, which makes large, complex molecules possible - long chains - branches - single and double bonds - ring bonds |
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Isomer |
Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties |
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Structural isomers |
Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms |
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Cis-trans isomers |
Have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds |
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Enantiomer |
Mirror images of each other. Differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms. |
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Functional groups |
Chemical groups that are directly involved in chemical reactions. The number and arrangement of these gives each molecule it's unique properties |
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List of functional groups |
Hydroxyl group Carbonyl group Carboxyl group Amino group Sulfhydryl group Phosphate group Methyl group |
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Hydroxyl group |
Compound name: Alcohol |
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Carbonyl group |
Compound name: Ketone and aldehyde |
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Carboxyl group |
Compound name: Carboxylic acid, or organic acid |
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Amino group |
Compound name:
Amine |
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Sulfhydryl group |
Compound name: Thiol Found in hair |
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Phosphate group |
Compound name: Organic phosphate |
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Methyl group |
Compound name: Methylated compound Found in DNA |
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ATP |
Stores energy (stores the potential to react with water) |
